FSI-Chinese/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText.xml

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  <info>
    <title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 01 ORN - Student Text</title>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Foreign Service</firstname>
        <surname>Institute</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </info>
  <para>
    CM 0180 S
  </para>
  <para>
    <anchor id="caption1" />
  </para>
  <section xml:id="standard-chinese">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark0" /><anchor id="bookmark1" />STANDARD
    CHINESE</title>
    <para>
      A MODULAR APPROACH
    </para>
    <para>
      STUDENT TEXT
    </para>
    <para>
      MODULE 1: ORIENTATION
    </para>
    <para>
      MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
    </para>
    <para>
      SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE
    </para>
    <para>
      UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing
      military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program
      (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of
      materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:
    </para>
    <para>
      Defense Language Institute
    </para>
    <para>
      Foreign Language Center
    </para>
    <para>
      NonresidentTraining Division
    </para>
    <para>
      Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006
    </para>
    <para>
      Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores,
      etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of
      view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for
      DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in
      positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written
      materials of this nature will be essential to their mission. The
      presence of controversial statements-whether real ōr apparent-in
      DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the
      opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.
    </para>
    <para>
      Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC
      instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations
      and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is
      based solely on their value for instruction in the language. It
      does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial
      enterprise, nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other
      brand names and businesses not mentioned.
    </para>
    <para>
      In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both
      masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to
      translations of foreign language texts.
    </para>
    <para>
      The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces.
      Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for
      reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products
      distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit
      setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC.
    </para>
    <section xml:id="preface">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark2" /><anchor id="bookmark3" />PREFACE</title>
      <para>
        Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an
        interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in
        August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S.
        Government language training community for improving and
        updating Chinese materials, to reflect current usage in Beijing
        and Taipei.
      </para>
      <para>
        The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible
        enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide
        range of government agencies and academic institutions.
      </para>
      <para>
        A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of
        the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the
        Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign
        Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National
        Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later Joined
        by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The
        representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins,
        and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C.
        Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI);
        James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama
        (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant
        Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).
      </para>
      <para>
        The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in
        197<superscript>1</superscript>* in space provided at the
        Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian
        government agencies provided funds and other assistance.
      </para>
      <para>
        Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning
        council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the
        Defense Language Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University
        of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and
        James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977* Lucille A.
        Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W.
        Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan
        of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning
        council and contributed material to the project. The planning
        council drew up the original overall design for the materials
        and met regularly to review their development.
      </para>
      <para>
        Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T.
        Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in
        close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese
        staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the
        instructional formats of the comprehension and production
        self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based
        classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A.
        Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the
        student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had
        Joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team
        to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.
      </para>
      <para>
        All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan
        0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu,
        Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time
        by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang.
        Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the
        preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.
      </para>
      <para>
        Administrative assistance was provided at various times by
        Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong,
        Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen
        Strype.
      </para>
      <para>
        The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M.
        Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The
        Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms.
        Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script
        was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms.
        Pola, and Ms. Strype.
      </para>
      <para>
        The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign
        Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general
        supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
      </para>
      <para>
        Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the
        cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute,
        Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the
        Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy;
        the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.
      </para>
      <para>
        Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster,
        Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language
        Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation
        of this edition of the course materials. This support included
        coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading,
        printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.
      </para>
      <para>
        James R. Frith, Chairman
      </para>
      <para>
        Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="contents">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark4" /><anchor id="bookmark5" />CONTENTS</title>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark2">Preface</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark6">Introduction Section I:  About the
        Course </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark7">Section II:  Background Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark8">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION Objectives
        ....................... .....</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark9">List of Tapes</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark10">Target Lists </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark11">UNIT 1 Introduction</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark12">Reference List</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark13">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Reference Notes ......... . ......... ..... 28
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark14">Full names and surnames Titles and
        terms of address Drills</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark15">UNIT 2 Introduction *</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark16">Reference List</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark17">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark18">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Given names
      </para>
      <para>
        Yes/no questions
      </para>
      <para>
        Negative statements
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark19">Greetings Drills</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark20">UNIT 3 Introduction . .</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark21">Reference List ....</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark22">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark23">Unit Map</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark24">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Nationality
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark25">Home state, province, and city
        Drills</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark26">UNIT U Introduction </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark27">Reference List</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark28">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark29">Unit Map</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark30">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Location of people and places Where people’s families are from
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark31">Drills</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark32">Criterion Test Sample</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Appendices
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark33">I. Map of China</link>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark34">II. Map of Taiwan</link>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark35">III. Countries and Regions</link>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark36">IV. American States</link>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark37">V. Canadian Provinces</link>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark38">VI. Common Chinese Names</link>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark39">VII. Chinese Provinces </link>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark40">VIII.  Chinese Cities</link>
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark41">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
        Objectives</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark42">List of Tapes</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark43">Target Lists </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark44">UNIT 1 Introduction</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark45">Reference List</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark46">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark47">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Where people are staying (hotels) Short answers The question
        word něige &quot;which?&quot; Drills...............  105
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark48">UNIT 2 Introduction ...</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark49">Reference List</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark50">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark51">Reference Notes .</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Where people are staying (houses) Where people are working
        Addresses The marker de The marker ba The prepositional verb zài
        Drills..........................120
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark52">UNIT 3 Introduction</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark53">Reference List </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark54">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark55">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Members of a family The plural ending -men The question word jl-
        &quot;how many&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        The adverb dōu ’’all&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark56">Several ways to express
        &quot;and&quot; Drills . . .</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark57">UNIT U Introduction</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark58">Reference List.....'</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark59">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark60">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Arrival and departure times
      </para>
      <para>
        The marker le
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark61">The shi... de construction
        Drills</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark62">UNIT 5 Introduction </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark63">Reference List............</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark64">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark65">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Date and place of birth
      </para>
      <para>
        Days of the week
      </para>
      <para>
        Ages
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark66">The marker le for new situations
        Drills</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark67">UNIT 6 Introduction .....</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark68">Reference List .... ..........
        ..........</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark69">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark70">Reference Notes ................
        .......</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Duration phrases
      </para>
      <para>
        The marker le for completion
      </para>
      <para>
        The &quot;double le&quot; construction
      </para>
      <para>
        The marker guo
      </para>
      <para>
        Action verbs
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark71">State verbs Drills</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark72">UNIT 7 Introduction..</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark73">Reference List</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark74">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark75">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        Where someone works
      </para>
      <para>
        Where and what someone has studied What languages someone can
        speak Auxiliary verbs General objects
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark76">Drills</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark77">UNIT 8 Introduction </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark78">Reference List</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark79">Vocabulary</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark80">Reference Notes </link>
      </para>
      <para>
        More on duration phrases The marker le for new situations in
        negative sentences Military titles and branches of service The
        marker ne Process verbs Drills............................223
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="introduction">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark81" /><anchor id="bookmark82" />INTRODUCTION</title>
      <section xml:id="section-i-about-the-course-.">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark6" /><anchor id="bookmark83" />SECTION
        I: ABOUT THE COURSE .</title>
        <para>
          This course is designed to give you a practical command of
          spoken Standard Chinese. You will learn both to understand and
          to speak it. Although Standard Chinese is one language, there
          are differences between the particular form it takes in
          Beijing and the form it takes in the rest of the country.
          There are also, of course, significant nonlinguistic
          differences between regions of the country. Reflecting these
          regional differences, the settings for most conversations are
          Beijing and Taipei.
        </para>
        <para>
          This course represents a new approach to the teaching of
          foreign languages. In many ways it redefines the roles of
          teacher and student, of classwork and homework, and of text
          and tape. Here is what you should expect:
        </para>
        <para>
          The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical
          situations—the obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving
          in China. You will be communicating in Chinese most of the
          time you are in class. You will not always be talking about
          real situations, but you will almost always be purposefully
          exchanging information in Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          This focus on conimunicating means that the teacher is first
          of all your conversational partner. Anything that forces
          him<anchor id="footnote1" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark84">1</link></superscript>
          back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drillmaster
          limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the
          Chinese language and to experience the language in its full
          spontaneity, flexibility, and responsiveness.
        </para>
        <para>
          Using class time for communicating, you will complete other
          course activities out of class whenever possible. This is what
          the tapes are for. They introduce the new material of each
          unit and give you as much additional practice as possible
          without a conversational partner.
        </para>
        <para>
          The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you
          through new material step by step and then give you intensive
          practice on what you have covered. In this course you will
          spend almost all your time listening to Chinese and saying
          things in Chinese, either with the tapes or in class.
        </para>
        <para>
          How the Course Is Organized
        </para>
        <para>
          The subtitle of this course, &quot;A Modular Approach,” refers
          to overall organization of the materials into MODULES which
          focus on particular situations or language topics and which
          allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in
          what order. To highlight equally significant features of the
          course, the subtitle could just as well have been &quot;A
          Situational Approach,&quot; &quot;A Taped-Input
          Approach,&quot; or &quot;A Communicative Approach.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Ten situational modules form the
        </para>
        <para>
          ORIENTATION (ORN)
        </para>
        <para>
          BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)
        </para>
        <para>
          MONEY (MON)
        </para>
        <para>
          DIRECTIONS (DIR)
        </para>
        <para>
          TRANSPORTATION (TRN)
        </para>
        <para>
          ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)
        </para>
        <para>
          SOCIETY (SOC)
        </para>
        <para>
          TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)
        </para>
        <para>
          LIFE IN CHINA (LIC)
        </para>
        <para>
          TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)
        </para>
        <para>
          Each core module consists of tapes,
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          core of the course:
        </para>
        <para>
          Talking about who you are and where you are from.
        </para>
        <para>
          Talking about your background, family, studies, and occupation
          and about your visit to China.
        </para>
        <para>
          Making purchases and changing money.
        </para>
        <para>
          Asking directions in a city or in a building.
        </para>
        <para>
          Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding out
          schedule information, buying tickets, and making reservations.
        </para>
        <para>
          Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together,
          changing the time of an appointment, and declining an
          invitation.
        </para>
        <para>
          Talking about families, relationships between people, cultural
          roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in modern
          society.
        </para>
        <para>
          Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the
          Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.
        </para>
        <para>
          Talking about daily life in Beijing street committees, leisure
          activities, traffic and transportation, buying and rationing,
          housing.
        </para>
        <para>
          Talking about government and party policy changes described in
          newspapers: the educational system,-agricultural policy,
          international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the
          arts.
        </para>
        <para>
          student textbook, and a workbook.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE
          modules and OPTIONAL modules’. Resource modules teach
          particular systems in the language, such as numbers and dates.
          As you proceed through a situational core module, you will
          occasionally take time out to study part of a resource module.
          (You will begin the first’ three of these while studying the
          Orientation Module.)
        </para>
        <para>
          PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R) The sound system of
          Chinese and the Pinyin system of romanization.
        </para>
        <para>
          NUMBERS (NUM)                          Numbers up to five
          digits.
        </para>
        <para>
          CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)            Expressions basic to the
          classroom
        </para>
        <para>
          learning situation.
        </para>
        <para>
          TIME AND DATES (T&amp;D)                   Dates, days of the
          week, clock time,
        </para>
        <para>
          parts of the day.
        </para>
        <para>
          GRAMMAR                               Aspect and verb types,
          word order,
        </para>
        <para>
          multisyllabic verbs and bǎ, auxiliary verbs, complex
          sentences, adverbial expressions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.
        </para>
        <para>
          The eight optional modules focus on particular situations:
        </para>
        <para>
          RESTAURANT (RST)
        </para>
        <para>
          HOTEL (HTL)
        </para>
        <para>
          PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)
        </para>
        <para>
          POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)
        </para>
        <para>
          CAR (CAR)
        </para>
        <para>
          CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, AND DEATH (MBD)
        </para>
        <para>
          NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)
        </para>
        <para>
          INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&amp;O)
        </para>
        <para>
          Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These
          optional modules may be used at any time after certain core
          modules.
        </para>
        <para>
          The diagram on page shows how the core modules, optional
          modules, and resource modules fit together in the course.
          Resource modules are shown where study should begin. Optional
          modules are shown where they may be introduced.
        </para>
        <para>
          STANDARD CHINESE : A MODULAR APPROACH
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
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        </para>
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        <para>
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        </para>
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        <para>
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        </para>
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        <para>
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        </para>
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        <para>
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        </para>
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        <para>
          KEY
        </para>
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        <para>
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              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-6.png" />
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        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Inside a Core Module
        </para>
        <para>
          Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also
          includes
        </para>
        <para>
          Objectives: The module objectives are listed at the beginning
          of the text for each module. Read these before starting work
          on the first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to
          accomplish and what you will have to do to pass the test at
          the end of the module.
        </para>
        <para>
          Target Lists: These follow the objectives in the text. They
          summarize the language content of each unit in the form of
          typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each
          sentence is given both in roman-ized Chinese and in English.
          Turn to the appropriate Target List before, during, or after
          your work on a unit, whenever you need to pull together what
          is in the unit.
        </para>
        <para>
          Review Tapes (R-l): The Target List sentences are given on
          these tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module, there are
          two R-l tapes for each module.
        </para>
        <para>
          Criterion Test: After studying each module, you will take a
          Criterion Test to find out which module objectives you have
          met and which you need to work on before beginning to study
          another module.
        </para>
        <para>
          Inside a Unit
        </para>
        <para>
          Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will
          work through two tapes:
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l): This tape introduces all
              the new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear
              them in the context of short conversational exchanges. It
              then works them into other short conversations and longer
              passages for listening practice, and finally reviews them
              in the Target List sentences. Your goal when using the
              tape is to understand all the Target List sentences for
              the unit.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Production Tape 1 (P-1): This tape gives you practice
              in pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences
              you learned to understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when
              using the P-1 tape is to be able to produce any of the
              Target List sentences in
              Chine<superscript>e</superscript>? when given the English
              equivalent.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          The C-l and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are
          &quot;portable&quot; in the sense that they do not tie you
          down to your desk. However, there are some written materials
          for each unit which you will need to work into your study
          routine. A text Reference List at the beginning of each unit
          contains the sentences from the C-l and P-1 tapes. It includes
          both the Chinese sentences and their English equivalents. The
          text Reference Notes restate and expand the comments made on
          the C-l and P-1 tapes concerning grammar, vocabulary,
          pronunciation, and culture.
        </para>
        <para>
          After you have worked with the C-l and P-1 tapes, you go on to
          two class activities:
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Target List Review: In this first class activity of the
              unit, you find out how well you learned the C-l and P-1
              sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and
              production of the Target List sentences. He also presents
              any additional required vocabulary items, found at the end
              of the Target List, which were not on the C-l and P-1
              tapes.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. Structural Buildup: During this class activity, you
              work on your understanding and control of the new
              structures in the unit. You respond to questions from your
              teacher about situations illustrated on a chalkboard or
              explained in other ways.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend
          some time working on the drills for the unit.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Drill Tape: This tape takes you through various types
              of drills based on the Target List sentences and on the
              additional required vocabulary.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Drills: The teacher may have you go over some or all of
              the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the
              tape, to review the tape, or to replace it.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as
          much additional practice as possible outside of class.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2): This tape provides advanced
              listening practice with exercises containing long, varied
              passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the
              material covered. In the C-2 Workbook you answer questions
              about the passages.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. Production Tape 2 (P-2): This tape resembles the
              Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new
              structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2
              Workbook provides instructions and displays of information
              for each exercise.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class
          activities:
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. Exercise Review: The teacher reviews the exercises of
              the C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape
              and questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of
              the P-2 tape by questioning you on information displays in
              the P-2 Workbook.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. Communication Activities: Here you use what you have
              learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of
              information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication
              Games) and real-world situations involving you and your
              classmates (in &quot;interviews”) are used.
            </para>
            <para>
              Materials and Activities for a Unit
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              TAPED MATERIALS
            </para>
            <para>
              C-l, P-1 Tapes
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              WRITTEN MATERIALS
            </para>
            <para>
              Target List Reference List Reference Notes
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              D-l Tapes
            </para>
            <para>
              C-2, P-2 Tapes
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Drills
            </para>
            <para>
              Reference Notes C-2, P-2 Workbooks
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              CLASS ACTIVITIES
            </para>
            <para>
              Target List Review
            </para>
            <para>
              Structural Buildup Drills
            </para>
            <para>
              Exercise Review
            </para>
            <para>
              Communication Activities
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              <inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-7.png" />
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject>
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Wen wǔ Temple in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas
              Madden)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="section-ii-background-notes-about-chinese">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark85" /><anchor id="bookmark86" />SECTION
        II

        <anchor id="bookmark87" />BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT
        CHINESE</title>
        <para>
          The Chinese Languages
        </para>
        <para>
          We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called
          ’’Chinese. ’’ We say, for example, that the people of China
          speak different dialects of Chinese, and that Confucius wrote
          in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would
          never think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain,
          and Portugal speak dialects of one language, and that Julius
          Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language. But the
          facts are almost exactly parallel.
        </para>
        <para>
          Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when
          closer to home, ’’Chinese” is not one language, but a family
          of languages. The language of Confucius is partway up the
          trunk of the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a
          literary language long after its death as a spoken language in
          popular use. The seven modern languages of China,
          traditionally known as the &quot;dialects,&quot; are the
          branches of the tree. They share as strong a family
          resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese,
          and are about as different from one another.
        </para>
        <para>
          The predominant language of China is now known as Putonghua,
          or &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; (literally &quot;the common
          speech&quot;). The more traditional term, still used in
          Taiwan, is Guoyǔ, or &quot;Mandarin&quot; (literally &quot;the
          national language&quot;). Standard Chinese is spoken natively
          by almost two-thirds of the population of China and throughout
          the greater part of the country.
        </para>
        <para>
          The term &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; is often used more
          narrowly to refer to the true national language which is
          emerging. This language, which is already the language of all
          national broadcasting, is based primarily on the 'Peking
          dialect, but takes in elements from other dialects of Standard
          Chinese and even from other Chinese languages. Like many
          national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken,
          and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech,
          particularly in pronunciation.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in
          pronunciation than in grammar and vocabulary. What
          distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese
          languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and
          the fewest final consonants.
        </para>
        <para>
          The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a
          quarter of the population of China, are tightly grouped in the
          southeast, below the Yangtze River. The six are: the Wu group
          (Wu), which includes the &quot;Shanghai dialect&quot;;
          Hunanese (Xiāng); the &quot;Kiangsi dialect&quot; (Gan);
          Cantonese (Yuè), the language of Guāngdōng, widely spoken in
          Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese (Min), a
          variant of which is spoken by a majority on Taiwan and hence
          called Taiwanese; and Hakka (Kèjiā). spoken in a belt above
          the Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan.
          Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka are also widely spoken
          throughout Southeast Asia.
        </para>
        <para>
          There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak
          non-Chinese languages. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are
          distantly related to the Chinese languages. Others, such as
          Mongolian, are entirely unrelated.
        </para>
        <para>
          Some Characteristics of Chinese
        </para>
        <para>
          To us, perhaps the most striking feature of spoken Chinese is
          the use of variation in tone (&quot;tones&quot;) to
          distinguish the different meanings of syllables which would
          otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese is no
          exception, make use of sentence intonation to indicate how
          whole sentences are to be understood. In English, for example,
          the rising pattern in &quot;He’s gone?&quot; tells us that the
          sentence is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however,
          are quite a different matter. They belong to individual
          syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An inherent part of
          each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four distinctive
          tones. The tone does just as much to distinguish the syllable
          as do the consonants and vowels. For example, the only
          difference between the verb &quot;to buy,&quot; m&amp;i, and
          the verb &quot;to sell,&quot; mài, is the Low tone
          (<superscript>w</superscript>) and the Falling tone (-). And
          yet these words are just as distinguishable as our words
          &quot;buy&quot; and &quot;guy,&quot; or &quot;buy&quot; and
          &quot;boy.&quot; Apart from the tones, the sound system of
          Standard Chinese is no more different from English than French
          is.
        </para>
        <para>
          Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For
          one thing, there are no conjugations such as are found in many
          European languages. Chinese verbs have fewer forms than
          English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities.
          Chinese grammar relies heavily on word order and often the
          word order is the same as in English. For these reasons
          Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to speak as
          one might think.
        </para>
        <para>
          It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This
          notion contains a good deal of truth. It has been found that,
          on the average, every other word in ordinary conversation is a
          single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the
          dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words
          can almost always be broken down into singlesyllable units of
          meaning, many of which can stand alone as words.
        </para>
        <para>
          Written Chinese
        </para>
        <para>
          Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an
          alphabet. The letters may be different from ours, as in the
          Greek alphabet, but the principle is the same: one letter for
          each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese, however,
          is written with &quot;characters&quot; which stand for whole
          syllables—in fact, for whole syllables with particular
          meanings. Although there are only about thirteen hundred
          phonetically distitìct syllables in standard Chinese, there
          are several thousand Chinese characters in everyday use,
          essentially one for each single-syllable unit of meaning. This
          means that many words have the same pronunciation but are
          written with different characters, as tiān, &quot;sky,&quot;
          X, and tiān, &quot;to add,&quot; &quot;to increase,&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Chinese characters are often referred to as
          &quot;ideographs,&quot; which suggests that they stand
          directly for ideas. But this is misleading. It is better to
          think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the
          spoken language.
        </para>
        <para>
          Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand
          characters. These thousand characters, in combination, give a
          reading vocabulary of several thousand words. Full literacy
          calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to
          reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there
          has been a vast extension in the People’s Republic of China
          (PRC) of the principle of character simplification, which has
          reduced the average number of strokes per character by half.
        </para>
        <para>
          During the past century, various systems have been proposed
          for representing the sounds of Chinese with letters of the
          Roman alphabet. One of these romanizations, Hànyu Pinyin
          (literally &quot;Chinese Language Spelling,&quot; generally
          called &quot;Pinyin&quot; in English), has been adopted
          officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching
          all students the Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters.
          A long-range goal is the use of Pinyin for written
          communication throughout the country. This is not possible, of
          course, until speakers across the nation have uniform
          pronunciations of Standard Chinese. For the time being,
          characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are
          still the most widely accepted way of communicating in
          writing.
        </para>
        <para>
          Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except v, and
          adds the letter u. The spellings of some of the consonant
          sounds are rather arbitrary from our point of view, but for
          every consonant sound there is only one letter or one
          combination of letters, and vice versa. You will find that
          each vowel letter can stand for different vowel sounds,
          depending on what letters precede or follow it in the
          syllable. The four tones are indicated by accent marks over
          the vowels, and the Neutral tone by the absence of an accent
          mark:
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark88">High:     mā
                              Falling:</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark89">Rising:   ma
                              Neutral:</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark90">Low:</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          One reason often given for the retention of characters is that
          they can be read, with the local pronunciation, by speakers of
          all the Chinese languages. Probably a stronger reason for
          retaining them is that the characters help keep alive
          distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of
          meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken
          language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn to speak
          Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as
          easily as he can learn several thousand characters.
        </para>
        <para>
          Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple
          written representation of pronunciation. The characters, which
          are chiefly responsible for the reputation of Chinese as a
          difficult language, are taught separately.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="background-notes-about-chinese-characters">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark91" /><anchor id="bookmark92" />BACKGROUND
        NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</title>
        <para>
          Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of
          strokes. There are very few basic types of strokes, each with
          its own prescribed direction, length, and contour. The
          dynamics of these strokes as written with a brush, the
          classical writing instrument, show up clearly even in printed
          characters. You can tell from the varying thickness of the
          stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and how it
          lifted; these effects are largely lost in characters written
          with a ball-point pen.
        </para>
        <para>
          The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s
          take the character for &quot;mouth,&quot; pronounced kou. Here
          it is as normally written, with the order and directions of
          the strokes indicated.
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-8.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          If the character is written rapidly, in &quot;running-style
          writing,&quot; one stroke glides into the next, like this.
        </para>
        <para>
          If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite
          different distortions would take place as each stroke
          reflected the last and anticipated the next, and the character
          would be illegible.
        </para>
        <para>
          The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the
          Shang Dynasty &quot;oracle bones&quot; of about 1500 B.C.,
          already included characters that went beyond simple pictorial
          representation. There are some characters in use today which
          are pictorial, like the character for &quot;mouth.&quot; There
          are also some which are directly symbolic, like our Roman
          numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers—the
          first numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman
          numerals turned on their sides.) There are some which are
          indirectly symbolic, like our Arabic numerals 1, 2, and 3. But
          the most common type of character is complex, consisting of
          two parts: a &quot;phonetic,&quot; which suggests the
          pronunciation, and a &quot;radical,&quot; which broadly
          characterizes the meaning. Let’s take the following character
          as an example.
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-9.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          This character means &quot;ocean&quot; and is pronounced yang.
          The left side of the character, the three short strokes, is an
          abbreviation of a character which means &quot;water&quot; and
          is pronounced shul. This is the &quot;radical.&quot; It has
          been borrowed only for its meaning, &quot;water.&quot; The
          right side of the character above is a character which means
          &quot;sheep&quot; and is pronounced yang. This is the
          &quot;phonetic.&quot; It has been borrowed only for its sound
          value, yang. A speaker of Chinese encountering the above
          character for the first time could probably figure out that
          the only Chinese word that sounds like yang and means
          something like &quot;water&quot; is the word yang meaning
          &quot;ocean.&quot; We, as speakers of English, might not be
          able to figure it out. Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom
          work as neatly as in this example. But we can still learn to
          make good use of these hints at sound and sense.
        </para>
        <para>
          Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the
          radicals. According to one of the two dictionary systems used,
          there are 1?6 radicals; in the other system, there are 21U.
          There are over a thousand phonetics.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to
          bottom of the page, starting on the right-hand side, with the
          pages bound so that the first page is where we would expect
          the last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese
          publications paginate like Western publications, and the
          characters are written horizontally, from left to right.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="background-notes-about-chinese-personal-names-and-titles">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark93" /><anchor id="bookmark94" />BACKGROUND
        NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES</title>
        <para>
          A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a
          given name. There is no middle name. The order is the reverse
          of ours: surname first, given name last.
        </para>
        <para>
          The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable
          surname followed by a two-syllable given
          name:<anchor id="footnote2" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark95">2</link></superscript>
        </para>
        <para>
          Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōu Ēnlái (Chou En-lai)
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiang Jièshí (Chiang Kai-shek)
        </para>
        <para>
          Song Qìnglíng (Soong Ch’ing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)
        </para>
        <para>
          Song Měilíng (Soong Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)
        </para>
        <para>
          It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of
          a single syllable:
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhū De (Chu Teh)
        </para>
        <para>
          Lin Biāo (Lin Piao)
        </para>
        <para>
          Hú Shi (Hu Shih)
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāng Qīng (Chiang Ch’ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung)
        </para>
        <para>
          There are a few two-syllable surnames. These are usually
          followed by single-syllable given names:
        </para>
        <para>
          Sīmǎ Guāng (Ssu-ma Kuang) Ōuyáng Xiū (Ou-yang Hsiu) ZhūgS
          Liang (Chu-ke Liang)
        </para>
        <para>
          But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable
          given names:
        </para>
        <para>
          Sīmǎ Xiāngrú (Ssu-ma Hsiang-Ju)
        </para>
        <para>
          An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several
          hundred written with a single character and several dozen
          written with two characters. Some single-syllable surnames
          sound exactly alike although written with different
          characters, and to distinguish them, the Chinese may
          occasionally have to describe the character or
          &quot;write&quot; it with a finger on the palm of a hand. But
          the surnames that you are likely to encounter are fewer than a
          hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they
          account for a good majority of China’s population.
        </para>
        <para>
          Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a
          limited list of characters. Men's names are often but not
          always distinguishable from women’s; the difference, however,
          usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not
          readily apparent to the beginning student with a limited
          knowledge of characters.
        </para>
        <para>
          Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles
          is still in use. These titles closely parallel our own
          &quot;Mr.,&quot; &quot;Mrs.,&quot; and &quot;Miss.&quot;
          Notice, however, that all Chinese titles follow the
          name—either the full name or the surname alone—rather than
          preceding it.
        </para>
        <para>
          The title &quot;Mr.&quot; is Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          MS Xiānsheng
        </para>
        <para>
          JIS Mínglī Xiānsheng
        </para>
        <para>
          The title &quot;Mrs.&quot; is Tàitai. It follows the husband’s
          full name or surname alone.
        </para>
        <para>
          MS Tàitai
        </para>
        <para>
          MS Mínglī Tàitai
        </para>
        <para>
          The title &quot;Miss&quot; is Xiǎojiě. The MS family’s grown
          daughter, Défēn, would be
        </para>
        <para>
          MS XiSojiě
        </para>
        <para>
          Mǎ Défēn XiSojiě
        </para>
        <para>
          Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married
          woman does not take her husband’s name in the same sense as in
          our culture. If Miss Fāng Bǎolán marries Mr. MS Mínglī, she
          becomes Mrs. MS Mínglī, but at the same time she remains Fāng
          BSolán. She does not become MS BSolán; there is no equivalent
          of &quot;Mrs. Mary Smith.&quot; She may, however, add her
          husband’s surname to her own full name and refer to herself as
          MS Fāng Bǎolán. At work she is quite likely to continue as
          Miss Fāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          These customs regarding names are still observed by many
          Chinese today in various parts of the world. The titles carry
          certain connotations, however, when used in the PRC today:
          Tàitai should not be used because it designates that woman as
          a member of the leisure class. XiSojiě should not be used
          because it carries the connotation of being from a rich
          family.
        </para>
        <para>
          In the People’s Republic, the title &quot;Comrade,&quot;
          Tóngzhì, is used in place of the titles Xiānsheng, Tàitai, and
          XiSojiě. MS Mínglī would be
        </para>
        <para>
          MS Tóngzhì
        </para>
        <para>
          MS Mínglī Tóngzhì
        </para>
        <para>
          The title ’’Comrade&quot; is applied to all, regardless of sex
          or marital status. A married'-woman does not take her
          husband’s name in any sense. MS Mínglī’s wife would be
        </para>
        <para>
          Fāng Tóngzhì
        </para>
        <para>
          Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì
        </para>
        <para>
          Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s
          surname at birth. In some families one child has the father's
          surname, and another child has the mother’s surname. MS
          Mínglī’s and Fāng Bǎolán*s grown daughter could be
        </para>
        <para>
          MS Tóngzhì
        </para>
        <para>
          MS Défēn Tóngzhì
        </para>
        <para>
          Their grown son could be
        </para>
        <para>
          Fāng Tóngzhì
        </para>
        <para>
          Fāng Zìqiáng Tóngzhì
        </para>
        <para>
          Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official
          titles and titles of respect in addition to the common titles
          we have discussed here. Several of these will be introduced
          later in the course.
        </para>
        <para>
          The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for
          special consideration. In the People’s Republic the policy is
          to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign names. These
          approximations are often not as close phonetically as they
          might be, since the choice of appropriate written characters
          may bring in nonphonetic considerations. (An attempt is
          usually made when transliterating to use characters with
          attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names
          do not at all resemble Chinese names. For example, the
          official version of &quot;David Anderson&quot; is Dàiwéi
          Āndésēn.
        </para>
        <para>
          An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to
          construct a valid Chinese name that suggests the foreign name
          phonetically. For example, &quot;David Anderson&quot; might be
          in Dàwèi.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a
          Chinese surname, semantic suggestiveness is chosen over
          phonetic suggestiveness. For example, Wáng, a common Chinese
          surname, means &quot;king,&quot; so &quot;Daniel King&quot;
          might be rendered Wáng Dànián.
        </para>
        <para>
          Students in this course will be given both the official PRC
          phonetic equivalents of their names and Chinese-style names.
        </para>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="module-1-orientation">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark96" /><anchor id="bookmark97" />MODULE
      1: ORIENTATION</title>
      <para>
        The Orientation Module and associated resource modules provide
        the linguistic tools needed to begin the study of Chinese. The
        materials also introduce the teaching procedures used in this
        course.
      </para>
      <para>
        The Orientation Module is not a typical course module in several
        respects. First, it does not have a situational topic of its
        own, but rather leads into the situational topic of the
        following module—Biographic Information. Second, it teaches only
        a little Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Third, two of the
        associated resource modules (Pronunciation and Romanization,
        Numbers) are not optional; together with the Orientation Module,
        they are prerequisite to the rest of the course.
      </para>
      <section xml:id="objectives">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark98" /><anchor id="bookmark99" />OBJECTIVES</title>
        <para>
          Upon successful completion of this module and the two
          associated resource modules, the student should
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Distinguish the sounds and tones of Chinese well enough
              to be able to write the Hànyǔ Pinyin romanization for a
              syllable after hearing the syllable.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Be able to pronounce any combination of sounds found in
              the words of the Target Lists when given a romanized
              syllable to read. (Although the entire sound system of
              Chinese is introduced in the module, the student is
              responsible for producing only sounds used in the Target
              Sentences for ORN. Producing the remaining sounds is
              included in the Objectives for Biographic Information.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Know the names and locations of five cities and five
              provinces of China well enough to point out their
              locations on a map, and pronounce the names well enough to
              be understood by a Chinese.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99 well enough to
              write them down when dictated, and be able to say them in
              Chinese when given English equivalents.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Understand the Chinese system of using personal names,
              including the use of titles equivalent to &quot;Mr.,&quot;
              &quot;Mrs.,&quot; &quot;Miss,&quot; and
              &quot;Comrade.&quot;
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Be able to ask. and understand questions about where
              someone is from.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Be able to ask and understand questions about where
              someone is.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. Be able to give the English equivalents for all the
              Chinese expressions in the Target Lists.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. Be able to say all the Chinese expressions in the
              Target Lists when cued with English
              equivalents.<superscript>1</superscript>
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. Be able to take part in short Chinese conversations,
              based on the Target Lists, about how he is, who he is, and
              where he is from.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="tapes-for-orn-and-associated-resource-modules">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark100" /><anchor id="bookmark101" />TAPES
        FOR ORN AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES</title>
        <para>
          Orientation (ORN)
        </para>
        <para>
          Unit 1:
        </para>
        <para>
          Unit 2:
        </para>
        <para>
          1 C-l
        </para>
        <para>
          1 P-1
        </para>
        <para>
          2
        </para>
        <para>
          C-l
        </para>
        <para>
          2 P-1
        </para>
        <para>
          1&amp;2 D-l
        </para>
        <para>
          Unit 3:
        </para>
        <para>
          3
        </para>
        <para>
          C-l
        </para>
        <para>
          3 P-1
        </para>
        <para>
          3 D-l      3 C-2      3 P-2
        </para>
        <para>
          Unit U:
        </para>
        <para>
          1»
        </para>
        <para>
          C-l
        </para>
        <para>
          h P-1
        </para>
        <para>
          h D-l      U C-2      U P-2
        </para>
        <para>
          Pronunciation and Romanization (P&amp;R)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="6">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    P&amp;R 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    P&amp;R 2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    P&amp;R 3
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    P&amp;R U
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    P&amp;R 5
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    P&amp;R 6
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Numbers (NUM)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NUM 1      NUM 2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NUM 3
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NUM U
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Classroom Expressions
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (CE)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    CE 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="unit-1-target-list">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark102" /><anchor id="bookmark103" />UNIT
        1 TARGET LIST</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NX shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who are you?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS shi Wang Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I am Wang Dànián (Daniel King).
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS shi Hú Měilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I am Hú Měilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    What is. your surname?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname is Wáng (King).
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS xìng Hú.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname is Hú.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he/she?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglī.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Mǎ Mínglī.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Mr. MS.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    She is Mrs. Mǎ.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Xiǎojiě.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    She is Miss Mǎ.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Tóngzhì.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He/she is Comrade Mǎ.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    h.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Wáng, who is he?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5-
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sir, who is she?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglī Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglī.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comrade, who is she?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="unit-2-target-list">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark104" /><anchor id="bookmark105" />UNIT
        2 TARGET LIST</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1. A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W5 shi Wang Dànián.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Are you Mr. Wáng? I am Wang Dànián. I’m not Mr.
                    Wang.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2. A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Wáng ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Is your surname Wáng?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname is Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wo bú xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname isn't Wang,
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NÍn guìxìng?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ xìng Wang.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wang.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nl Jiao shénme?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    What is your given name?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ Jiao Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My given name is Dànián (Daniel).
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nl hǎo a?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    How are you?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ hǎo. Nī ne?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I’m fine. And you?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hǎo. Xièxie.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fine, thank you.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
          tapes)
        </para>
        <para>
          6. míngzi                               given name
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="unit-3-target-list">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark106" /><anchor id="bookmark107" />UNIT
        3 TARGET LIST</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. A: Nī shi Mǎiguo rén ma?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Shì.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Bú shi.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Shì, wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Bú shi, wǒ bú shi Zhōngguo rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. A:  Nī shi nǎlguo rén?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Wǒ shi Mǎiguo rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Wǒ shi Yingguo rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    h.  A:  Nī shi nārde rén?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:  Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:  Wǒ shi Shànghāi rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Are you an American?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Yes (I am).
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    No (I'm not).
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Are you Chinese?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Yes, I'm Chinese.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    No, I'm not Chinese.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    What's your nationality? I'm an American.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    I’m Chinese.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    I'm English.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Where are you from? I'm a Californian. I'm from
                    Shanghai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
          tapes)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Déguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Germany
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Eguō (Eguo)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Russia
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fàguō (Fāguó)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    France
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rìběn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Japan
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="unit-4-target-list">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark108" /><anchor id="bookmark109" />UNIT
        4 TARGET LIST</title>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. A: Andésén Xiānsheng, nī shi nārde rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B; Wǒ shi Dézhōu rén.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Andésén Fūren ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. A: Tā shi Yīngguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tā àiren ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā yě bú shi Yīngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Qīngwèn, nī lāojiā zài nār?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wǒ lāojiā zài Shāndōng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. A: Qīngdāo zài zhèr ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Qīngdāo bú zài nàr, zài zhèr.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          5. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nār?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Tā xiànzài zài Jiānádà.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Where are you from, Mr. Anderson?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m from Texas.
        </para>
        <para>
          And Mrs. Anderson?
        </para>
        <para>
          She is from Texas too.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is he English?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, he is not English.
        </para>
        <para>
          And his wife?
        </para>
        <para>
          She isn’t English either.
        </para>
        <para>
          May I ask, where is your family from?
        </para>
        <para>
          My family is from Shāndōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is Qingdāo here? (pointing to a map)
        </para>
        <para>
          Qīngdāo isn't there; it’s here (pointing to a map;
        </para>
        <para>
          Where is your spouse now?
        </para>
        <para>
          He/she is in Canada now.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
        </para>
        <para>
          (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
        </para>
        <para>
          6. Learn the pronunciation and .location of any five cities
          and five provinces of China found on the maps on pages 30-81.
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-10.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          On a Běijīng street (courtesy of Pat Fox)
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="unit-1">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark110" /><anchor id="bookmark111" />UNIT
        1</title>
        <section xml:id="introduction-1">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark112" /><anchor id="bookmark113" />INTRODUCTION</title>
          <para>
            Topics Covered in This Unit
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Questions and answers about full names and surnames.
          </para>
          <para>
            2. Titles and terms of address (&quot;Mr.,”
            &quot;Mrs.,&quot; etc.).
          </para>
          <para>
            Prerequisites to the Unit
          </para>
          <para>
            (Be sure to complete these before starting the unit.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Background Notes.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. PiR 1 (Tape 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation
                and Romanization), the tones.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. P&amp;R 2 (Tape 2 of the resource module on
                Pronunciation and Romanization), the tones.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Materials You Will Need 1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the
            Reference List and Reference Notes.
          </para>
          <para>
            2. The drill tape (1D-1).
          </para>
          <para>
            About the C-l and P-1 Tapes
          </para>
          <para>
            The C-l and P-1 tapes are your introduction to the Chinese
            words and structures presented in each unit. The tapes give
            you explanations and practice on the new material. By the
            time you have worked through these two tapes, you will be
            competent in understanding and producing the expressions
            introduced in the unit.
          </para>
          <para>
            With the C-l tape, you learn to understand the new words and
            structures. The material is presented in short
            conversational exchanges, first with English translations
            and later with pauses which allow you to translate. Try to
            give a complete English translation for each Chinese
            expression. Your goal when using the C-l tape is to learn
            the meanings of all the words and structures as they are
            used in the sentences.
          </para>
          <para>
            With the P-1 tape, you learn to put together these
            sentences. You learn to pronounce each new word and use each
            new structure. When the recorded instructions direct you to
            pronounce a word or say a sentence, do so out loud. It is
            important fop you to hear yourself speaking Chinese, so that
            you will know whether you are pronouncing the words
            correctly. Making the effort to say the expression is a big
            part of learning it. It is one thing to think about how a
            sentence should be put together or how it should sound. It
            is another thing to put it together that way or make it
            sound that way. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to
            produce the Target List expressions in Chinese when given
            English equivalents. At the end of each P-1 tape is a review
            of the Target List which you can go over until you have
            mastered the expressions.
          </para>
          <para>
            At times, you may feel that the material on a tape is being
            presented too fast. You may find that there is not enough
            time allowed for working out the meaning of a sentence or
            saying a sentence the way you want to. When this happens,
            stop the tape. If you want to, rewind.' Use the control
            buttons on your machine to make the tape manageable for you
            and to get the most out of it.
          </para>
          <para>
            About the Reference List and the Reference Notes
          </para>
          <para>
            The Reference List and the Reference Notes are designed to
            be used before, during, or directly after work with the C-l
            and P-1 tapes.
          </para>
          <para>
            The Reference List is a summary of the C-l and P-1 tapes. It
            contains all sentences which introduce new material, showing
            you both the Chinese sentences written in romanization and
            their English equivalents. You will find that the list is
            printed so that either the Chinese or the English can be
            covered to allow you to test yourself on comprehension,
            production, or romanization of the sentences.
          </para>
          <para>
            The Reference Notes give you information about grammar,
            pronunciation, and cultural usage. Some of these
            explanations duplicate what you hear on the C-l and P-1
            tapes. Other explanations contain new information.
          </para>
          <para>
            You may use the Reference List and Reference Notes in
            various ways. For example, you may follow the Reference
            Notes as you listen to a tape, glancing at an exchange or
            stopping to read a comment whenever you want to. Or you may
            look through the Reference Notes before listening to a tape,
            and then use the Reference List while you listen, to help
            you keep track of where you are. Whichever way you decide to
            use these parts of a unit, remember that they are reference
            materials. Don’t rely on the translations and romanizations
            as subtitles for the C-l tape or as cue cards for the P-1
            tape, for this would rob you of your chance to develop
            listening and responding skills.
          </para>
          <para>
            About the Drills
          </para>
          <para>
            The drills help you develop fluency, ease of response, and
            confidence. You can go through the drills on your own, with
            the drill tapes, and the teacher may take you through them
            in class as well.
          </para>
          <para>
            Allow more than half an hour for a half-hour drill tape,
            since you will usually need to go over all or parts of the
            tape more than once to get full benefit from it.
          </para>
          <para>
            The drills include many personal names, providing you with
            valuable pronunciation practice. However, if you find the
            names more than you can handle the first time through the
            tape, replace them with the pronoun tā whenever possible.
            Similar substitutions are often possible with place names.
          </para>
          <para>
            Some of the drills involve sentences which you may find too
            long to understand or produce on your first try, and you
            will need to rewind for another try. Often, particularly the
            first time through a tape, you will find the pauses too
            short, and you will need to stop the tape to give yourself
            more time. The performance you should aim for with these
            tapes, however, is full comprehension and full, fluent, and
            accurate production while the tape rolls.
          </para>
          <para>
            The five basic types of drills are described below.
          </para>
          <para>
            Substitution Drills; The teacher (T) gives a pattern
            sentence which the student (S) repeats. Then the teacher
            gives a word or phrase (a cue) which the student substitutes
            appropriately in the original sentence. The teacher follows
            immediately with a new cue.
          </para>
          <para>
            Here is an English example of a substitution drill:
          </para>
          <para>
            T: Are you an American?
          </para>
          <para>
            S: Are you an American?
          </para>
          <para>
            T: (cue) English
          </para>
          <para>
            S: Are you English?
          </para>
          <para>
            T: (cue) French
          </para>
          <para>
            S: Are you French?
          </para>
          <para>
            Transformation Drills: On the basis of a model provided at
            the beginning of the drill, the student makes a certain
            change in each sentence the teacher says.
          </para>
          <para>
            Here is an English example of a transformation drill, in
            which the student is changing affirmative sentences into
            negative ones: '
          </para>
          <para>
            T: I’m going to the bank.
          </para>
          <para>
            S: I’m not going to the bank.
          </para>
          <para>
            T: I’m going to the store.
          </para>
          <para>
            S: I’m not going to the store.
          </para>
          <para>
            Response Drills: On the basis of a model given at the
            beginning of the drill, the student responds to questions or
            remarks by the teacher as cued by the teacher.
          </para>
          <para>
            Here is an English example of-a response drill:
          </para>
          <para>
            T: What is his name? (cue) Harris
          </para>
          <para>
            S: His name is Harris.
          </para>
          <para>
            T: What is her name? (cue) Noss
          </para>
          <para>
            S: Her name is Noss.
          </para>
          <para>
            Expansion Drills: The student adds something to a pattern
            sentence as cued by the teacher.
          </para>
          <para>
            Here is an English example of an expansion drill
          </para>
          <para>
            (cue) Japanese He's Japanese.
          </para>
          <para>
            (cue) French She's French.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            T: He isn’t Chinese. S: He isn't Chinese. T: She isn’t
            German. S: She isn’t German.
          </para>
          <para>
            Combination Drills: On the basis of a model given at the
            beginning of the drill, the student combines two phrases or
            sentences given by the teacher into a single utterance.
          </para>
          <para>
            Here is an English example of a combination drill:
          </para>
          <para>
            T: I am reading a book. John gave me the book.
          </para>
          <para>
            S: I am reading a book which John gave me.
          </para>
          <para>
            T: Mary bought a picture. I like the picture.
          </para>
          <para>
            S: Mary bought a picture which I like.
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="reference-list">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark12" /><anchor id="bookmark114" />REFERENCE
          LIST</title>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      1.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      W3 shi Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who are you?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      I am Wang Danián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      NX shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      W8 shi Hú Měilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who are you?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      I am Hu Měilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Mínglī.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who is he?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      He is MS Mínglī.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Mínglī.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Hú Měilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      He is Mǎ Mínglī.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      She is Hu Měilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5-
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      W8 xìng Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      What is your surname? My surname is Wang.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā xìng MS.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      What is his surname?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      His surname is Mǎ.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who is he?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      He is Mr. Ma.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      8.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Mǎ Mínglī Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who is he?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      9.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mr. Wáng, who is he?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      He is Mr. MS Mínglī.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      10.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Sir, who is he?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      He is Mr. MS.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      11.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Tàitai.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Sir, who is she?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      She is Mrs. Ma.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      12.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Mínglī
                      Tàitai.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mr. Wáng, who is she?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      She is Mrs. MS Mínglī.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      13.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Xiǎojiě.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mr. Wang, who is she?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      She is Miss Mǎ.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      1U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Mínglī Tongzhì.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who is he?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglī.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            15.  A:  Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?         Comrade, who is she?
          </para>
          <para>
            B:  Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán.            She is Fang Bǎolán.
          </para>
          <para>
            16.  A:  Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?         Comrade, who is she?
          </para>
          <para>
            B:  Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì. She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán.
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="vocabulary">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark13" /><anchor id="bookmark115" />VOCABULARY</title>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      nl
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      you
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shéi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      who
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shénme
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      what
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shì
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      to be
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      he, she
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      tàitai
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mrs.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      tóngzhì
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Comrade
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      wS
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xiānsheng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mr.; sir
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xiǎojiǎ (xiáojie)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Miss
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xìng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      to be sumamed
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="reference-notes">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark47" /><anchor id="bookmark116" />REFERENCE
          NOTES</title>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      1.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      NX shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      WS shi Wang Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who are you?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      I am Wang Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      NX shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who are you?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      W5 shi Hú MSilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I am Hú MSilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who is he?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS MínglX.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      He is MS MínglX.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS MínglX.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      He is MS Míngll.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Hú MSilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      She is Hú MSilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Notes on Nos. 1-b
          </para>
          <para>
            The verb shi means &quot;to be&quot; in the sense of
            &quot;to be someone or something,&quot; as in &quot;I am
            Daniel King.&quot; It expresses identity. (In Unit U you
            will learn a verb which means &quot;to be&quot; in another
            sense, &quot;to be somewhere,&quot; as in &quot;I am in
            BSijīng.&quot; That verb expresses location.) The verb shi
            is in the Neutral tone (with no accent mark) except when
            emphasized.
          </para>
          <para>
            Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not
            distinguish first, second, and third persons. A single form
            serves for all three persons.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      W8
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (I am Wang Dànián.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      NX
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Hú MSilíng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (You are Hú MSilíng.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      MS Míngll.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (He is MS MínglX.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Later you will find that Chinese verbs do not distinguish
            singular and plural, either, and that they dó not
            distinguish past, present, and future as such. You need to
            learn only one form for each verb.
          </para>
          <para>
            The pronoun tā is equivalent to both &quot;he&quot; and
            &quot;she.&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            The question NX shi shéi? is actually too direct for most
            situations, although it is all right from teacher to student
            or from student to student. (A more polite question is
            introduced in Unit 2.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Unlike English, Chinese uses the same word order in
            questions as in statements.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (Who is he?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      MS Mínglī?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (He is Mǎ Mínglī.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            When you answer a question containing a question word like
            shéi. &quot;who,” simply replace the question word with the
            information it asks for.
          </para>
          <para>
            5.  A:  NX xìng shénme?
          </para>
          <para>
            B:  Wǒ xìng Wáng.
          </para>
          <para>
            6.  a:  Tā xìng shénme?
          </para>
          <para>
            B:  Tā xìng MS.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            What is your surname? My surname is Wang.
          </para>
          <para>
            What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            ■Notes on Nos. 5-6
          </para>
          <para>
            Xìng is a verb, &quot;to be surnamed.” It is in the same
            position in the sentence as shi, &quot;to be.&quot;
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wǒ
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wang Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (I
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      am
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Dànián.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wǒ
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xìng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (I
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      am surnamed
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wang.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Notice that the question word shénme. &quot;what,&quot;
            takes the same position as the question word shéi,
            &quot;who.&quot;
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (You
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      are
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      who?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xìng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shénme?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (You
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      are surnamed
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      what?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Shénme is the official spelling. However, the word is
            pronounced as if it were spelled shémma, or even shéma
            (often with a single rise in pitch extending over &quot;both
            syllables'^ Before another word which begins with a
            consonant sound, it is usually pronounced as if it were
            spelled shěm.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who is he?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      He is Mr. Mǎ.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      8.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who is he?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Mǎ Mínglī Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      He is Mr. Ma MÍnglī
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Notes on Nos. 7-8
          </para>
          <para>
            After the verb shì you may have the full name alone, the
            surname plus title, or the full name plus title.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="5">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mǎ
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mínglī.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mǎ
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mǎ
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mínglī
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Xiānsheng. literally ’’first-born,&quot; has more of a
            connotation of respectfulness than &quot;Mr.&quot; Xiānsheng
            is usually applied only to people other than oneself. Do not
            use the title Xiānsheng (or any other respectful title, such
            as Jiàoshòu, &quot;Professor&quot;) when giving your own
            name. If you want to say &quot;I am Mr. Jones,&quot; you may
            say W5 xìng Jones.
          </para>
          <para>
            When a name and title are said together, logically enough it
            is the name which gets the heavy stress: WANG Xiānsheng. You
            will often hear the title pronounced with no full tones:
            WĀNG Xiansheng.
          </para>
          <para>
            9. A: Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
          </para>
          <para>
            Mr. Wang, who is he? He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Sir, who is he? He is Mr. Ma.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            B: Tā shi Mǎ Mínglī Xiānsheng.
          </para>
          <para>
            10. A: Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? B: Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      11.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Xiānsheng,- tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Tàitai.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Sir, who is she? She is Mrs. MS.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      12.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mr. Wang, who is she?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Míngll Tàitai.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      She is Mrs. MS Míngll.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Note on Nos. 9-12
          </para>
          <para>
            When you address someone directly, use either the name plus
            the title or the title alone. Xiānsheng must be translated
            as &quot;sir&quot; when it is used alone, since
            &quot;Mr.&quot; would not capture its respectful tone.
            (Tàitai, however, is less respectful when used alone. You
            should address Mrs. MS as MS TÌitai.)
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      13.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS XiSojiS.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mr. Wang, who is she? She is Miss MS.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Ih.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Who is he?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Míngll Tóngzhì.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      He is Comrade Mǎ Míngll.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      15.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Comrade, who is she?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Fāng Baolán.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      She is Fāng Baolan.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      16.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Comrade, who is she?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Fāng BSolán Tóngzhì.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      She is Comrade Fāng Baolan.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Note on Nos. 13-16
          </para>
          <para>
            See the Background Notes on Chinese Personal Names and
            Titles for Tóngzhì, &quot;Comrade,&quot; and the use of
            maiden names.
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="drills">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark76" /><anchor id="bookmark117" />DRILLS</title>
          <para>
            A. Substitution Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: MS Mínglī
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Hú Měilíng
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Wang Dànián
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Li Shìmín
          </para>
          <para>
            5. Liú Lìróng
          </para>
          <para>
            6. Zhāng Bǎolán.
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Tā shi MS Mínglī.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He is Mǎ Mínglī.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Hú MSilíng. (She is Hu Meiling.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Wáng Dànián.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He is Wang Dànián.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi LI Shìmín.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He is Li Shìmín.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Liú Lìróng. (She is Liú Lìróng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Zhāng Bǎolán.
          </para>
          <para>
            (She is Zhāng BSolán.)
          </para>
          <para>
            B. Response Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            When the cue is given by a male speaker, male students
            should respond.
          </para>
          <para>
            When the cue is given by a female speaker, female students
            should respond.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Nī shi shéi?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (cue) Wáng Dànián (Who are you?)
          </para>
          <para>
            OR Nī shi shéi?
          </para>
          <para>
            (cue) Hú MSilíng
          </para>
          <para>
            (Who are you?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Nī shi shéi? Liú Shìmín (Who are you?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Nī shi shéi? Chén Huìrán (Who are you?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            k. Nī shi shéi? Huáng Déxián (Who are you?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Nī shi shéi? Zhào Wǎnrú (Who are you?)
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián. (I am Wang Dànián.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Wǒ shi Hú Měilíng. (I am Hú Měilíng.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Wǒ shi Liú Shìmín. (I am Liú Shìmín.)
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Nl shi shéi? Jiang Bīngyíng (Who are you?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Nī shi shéi? Gāo Yǒngpíng (Who are you?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            C. Response Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Speaker: Tā shi shéi?
          </para>
          <para>
            (cue) MS Xiānsheng
          </para>
          <para>
            (Who is he?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ shi Jiang Bīngyíng. (I am Jiang Bīngyíng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ shi Gāo Yǒngpíng. (I am Gāo Yǒngpíng.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            You: Tā shi MS Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. MS.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Who is she?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Hú Tàitai
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Hú Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Hú.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Máo Xiānsheng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Máo.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Zhāng Tongzhì
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Zhāng Tóngzhì. (He is Comrade Zhāng.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Liú XiSojiS
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Liú XiSojiS. (She is Miss Liú.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      MS Xiānsheng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MS Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Mǎ.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Zhào Tàitai
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Zhàò.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="unit-2">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark118" /><anchor id="bookmark119" />UNIT
        2</title>
        <section xml:id="introduction-2">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark120" /><anchor id="bookmark121" />INTRODUCTION</title>
          <para>
            Topics Covered in This Unit
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Questions and answers about given names.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Yes/no questions.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Negative statements.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                U. Greetings.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Prerequisites to the Unit
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. P&amp;R 3 and P&amp;R U (Tapes 3 and U of the
                resource module on Pronunciation and Romanization).
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Materials You Will Need
          </para>
          <para>
            1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference
            Notes.
          </para>
          <para>
            2. The 2D-1 tape.
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="reference-list-1">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark16" /><anchor id="bookmark122" />REFERENCE
          LIST</title>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      1.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Wáng Tàitai ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Wáng Tàitai.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      <emphasis role="smallcaps">Ib she Mrs. Wang? She
                      is Mrs. Wang.</emphasis>
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Are you Mr. Wang?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS shi Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I am Wang Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Are you Mr. Mǎ?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS shi Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I am Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Are you Mr. Mǎ?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS bú shi MS Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I’m not Mr. Mǎ.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS shi Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I am Wáng Danián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS bú shi Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I'm not Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Ní xìng Fāng ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Is your surname Fāng?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS bú xìng Fāng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      My surname isn’t Fāng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS xìng Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      My surname is Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS bú xìng Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      My surname isn't Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      8.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng MS ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Is your surname Mǎ?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Bú xìng MS. Xìng Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      9.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nín guìxìng?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Your surname? (POLITE)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS xìng Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      My surname is Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      10.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī jiào shénme?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      What is your given name?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS jiào Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      My given name is Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      11.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī hSo a?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      How are you?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS hSo.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I'm fine.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      12.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī hSo a?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      How are you?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS hSo. Nī ne?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I'm fine. And you?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      HSo, xièxie.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Fine, thanks.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
            tapes)
          </para>
          <para>
            13* míngzi
          </para>
          <para>
            given name
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      VOCABULARY
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      a
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (question marker)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      bù/bú bú shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      not not to be
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      guìxìng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (honorable) surname
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      hSo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      to be fine, to be well
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Jiào
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      to be called
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      ma míngzi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (question marker) given name
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      ne
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (question marker)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xièxie
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      thank you
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="reference-notes-1">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark18" /><anchor id="bookmark123" />REFERENCE
          NOTES</title>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      1.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      At
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Wáng Tàitai ma? Tā shi Wáng Tàitai.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Is she Mrs. Wang? She is Mrs. Wáng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Are you Mr. Wang?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS shi Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I am Wang Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Are you Mr. Mǎ?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I am Wáng Dànián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Notes cn Nos. 1-3
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;.he marker ma may be added to any which may be
            answered ’’yes’’ or ’’no.’’
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            statement to turn it into a question
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="5">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Tàitai.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (She is Mrs. Wáng.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wáng Tàitai
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (Is she Mrs. Wáng?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            The reply to a yes/no question is commonly a complete
            affirmative or negative statement, although, as you will see
            later, the statement may be stripped down considerably.
          </para>
          <para>
            h. A: Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you Mr. Mǎ? I'm not Mr. Ma.
          </para>
          <para>
            I am Wang Dànián.
          </para>
          <para>
            I'm not Wang Dànián.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            B: WS bú shi MS Xiānsheng.
          </para>
          <para>
            5. A: WS shi Wang Dànián.
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Wǒ bú shi Wang Dànián.
          </para>
          <para>
            Notes on Nos,
          </para>
          <para>
            The negative of the verb shì, ’’to be,’’ is bú shi, ’’not to
            be.’’ The equivalent of &quot;not&quot; is the syllable bù.
            The tone for the syllable bù depends on the tone of the
            following syllable. When followed by a syllable with a High,
            Rising, or Low tone, a Falling tone is used (bù). When
            followed by a syllable with a Falling or Neutral tone, a
            Rising tone is used (bú).
          </para>
          <para>
            bù fēi (not to fly) bù féi (not to be fat) bù féi (not to
            slander) bú fèi (not to waste)
          </para>
          <para>
            Almost all of the first few verbs you learn happen to be in
            the Falling tone, and so take bú. But remember that bù is
            the basic form. That is the form the syllable takes when it
            stands alone as a short &quot;no” answer—Bù— and when it is
            discussed, as in &quot;Bù means 'not'.”
          </para>
          <para>
            Notice that even though shi, &quot;to be,” is usually
            pronounced in the Neutral tone in the phrase bú shi, the
            original Falling tone of shi still causes bù to be
            pronounced with a Rising tone: bú.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. A: NX xìng Fāng ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: WS bú xìng Fāng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. A: WS xìng Wāng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            B: WS bú xìng Wang.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                8. A: NX xìng MS ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Bú xìng MS. Xìng Wang.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Is your surname Fāng?
          </para>
          <para>
            My surname isn't Fāng.
          </para>
          <para>
            My surname is Wang.
          </para>
          <para>
            My surname isn't Wang.
          </para>
          <para>
            Is your surname Mǎ?
          </para>
          <para>
            My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wang.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="5">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wang Dānián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (I
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      am
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wang Danián.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="5">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      WS
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      bú
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      MS Xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (I
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      am
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      not
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Mr. Mǎ.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Note on No. 8
          </para>
          <para>
            It is quite common in Chinese—much commoner than in
            English--to omit the subject of a sentence when it is clear
            from the context.
          </para>
          <para>
            9. A: Nín guìxìng?
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Wo xìng Wáng.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wáng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Notea on No. 9
          </para>
          <para>
            Nín is the polite equivalent of nī, &quot;you.&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Guìxìng is a polite noun, &quot;surname.&quot; Guì means
            &quot;honorable.&quot; Xìng, which you have learned as the
            verb &quot;to be sumamed,&quot; is in this case a noun,
            &quot;surname.&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Literally, Nín guìxìng? is &quot;Your surname?&quot; The
            implied question is understood, and the &quot;sentence&quot;
            consists of the subject alone.
          </para>
          <para>
            10. A: Nī jiào shénme?
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Wǒ jiào Dànián.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            What is your given name? My given name is Dànián.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Note on No. 10
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiào is a verb meaning &quot;to be called.&quot; In a
            discussion of personal names, we can say that it means
            &quot;to be given-named.&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            11.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            A:
          </para>
          <para>
            B:
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Nī hǎo a? Wǒ hǎo.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            How are you? I’m fine.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Notes on No. 11
          </para>
          <para>
            Notice that the Low tones of wo and nī change to Rising
            tones before the Low tone of hǎo: NÍ hǎo a? W§*hǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            Hǎo is a verb—&quot;to be good,&quot; &quot;to be
            well,&quot; &quot;to be fine.&quot; Since it functions like
            the verb &quot;to be&quot; plus an adjective in English, we
            will call it an adjectival verb.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wǒ
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      hǎo.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (I
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      am fine.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      hǎo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      a?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (You
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      are fine
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      ?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            12. A: Nī hào a?
          </para>
          <para>
            How are you?
          </para>
          <para>
            I’m fine. And you?
          </para>
          <para>
            Fine, thanks.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            B: W3 hSo. Nī ne?
          </para>
          <para>
            A: H&amp;o, xièxie.
          </para>
          <para>
            Notes on No. 12
          </para>
          <para>
            The marker ne makes a question out of the single word nī,
            ’’you&quot;: ’’And you?” or ”How about you?&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Xiè is the verb &quot;to thank.&quot; &quot;I thank
            you&quot; would be W8 xièxie nī.
          </para>
          <para>
            Xièxie is often repeated: Xièxie, xièxie.
          </para>
          <para>
            13. míngzi                             given name
          </para>
          <para>
            Note on No. 13
          </para>
          <para>
            One way to ask what someone’s given name is: Nī jiào shénme
            míngzi?
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="drills-1">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark124" /><anchor id="bookmark125" />DRILLS</title>
          <para>
            A. Transformation Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng* (He is Mr. Wang.)
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Tā shi Hú Tàitai.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (She is Mrs. Hu.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (He is Comrade Liú.)
          </para>
          <para>
            U. Tā shi Zhāng XiǎojiS.
          </para>
          <para>
            (She is Miss Zhāng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            J. Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He is Mr. Ma.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Tā shi Fāng XiSojiS.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (She is Miss Fāng.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Tā shi LÍn Tóngzhì.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (He is Comrade LÍn.)
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wáng?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Hú Tàitai ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is she Mrs. Hú?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is he Comrade Liú?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Zhāng Xiǎojiě ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is she Miss Zhāng?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is he Mr. Ma?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Fāng XiSojiě ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is she Miss Fāng?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi LÍn Tóngzhì ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is he Comrade LÍn?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B. Response Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr.
                    Wang?)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Zhào?)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Is she Comrade Chén?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    U. Tā shi Liú XiǎojiS ma? (Is she Miss Liú?)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Is he Mr. Song?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Is she Mrs. Sūn?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Is he Mr. Zhāng?)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                You: Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Zhào.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shi. Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Yes. She is Comrade Chén.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shi. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā. (Yes. She is Miss Liú.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shi. Tā shi Sòng Xiānsheng.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Yes. He is Mr. Song.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shi. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Yes. She is Mrs. Sun.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shi. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Zhāng.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                C. Response Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            All of your answers will be negative. Give the correct name
            according to the cue.
          </para>
          <para>
            1.
          </para>
          <para>
            Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Liú (Is he Mr.
            Wang?)
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Bú shi. Tā shi Liú Xiānsheng.
          </para>
          <para>
            (No. He is Mr. Liú,)
          </para>
          <para>
            2.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Gāo Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Gāo?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhao
          </para>
          <para>
            Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)
          </para>
          <para>
            3.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Huáng Tóngzhì ma? (Is she Comrade Huáng?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wáng
          </para>
          <para>
            Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Tóngzhì. (No. She is Comrade Wang.)
          </para>
          <para>
            U.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Yáng Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Yang?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiāng
          </para>
          <para>
            Bú shi. Tā shi Jiang Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiang.)
          </para>
          <para>
            5-
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Ma?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Máo
          </para>
          <para>
            Bú shi, Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. &gt;&amp;o.)
          </para>
          <para>
            6.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Zhōu Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Zhōu?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhào
          </para>
          <para>
            Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)
          </para>
          <para>
            7.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng ma? Jiāng
          </para>
          <para>
            Bú shi. Tā shi JiSng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Jiāng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is he Mr. Jiāng?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                D. Response Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            This drill is a combination of the two previous drills. Give
            an affirmative or a negative answer according to the cue.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma? (cue) Liú
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (is she Mrs. Liú?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      OR    Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Huáng (Is she Mrs. Liú?)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? Wáng (is he Mr.
                          Wang?)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. Tā shi Gāo Tàitai ma? Zhào (Is she Mrs.
                          Gāo?)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      U. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě ma? Táng (Is she Miss
                      Tang?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      You: Shì. Tā shi Liú Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs.
                      Liú.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Bú shi. Tā shi Huáng Tàitai.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (No. She is Mrs. Huáng.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiāpsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs.
                      Zhào.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Shì. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Yes. She is Miss Táng.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5. Tā shi Huang Xiānsheng ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Wang
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Is he Mr. Huáng?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      6. Tā shi Zhang Tàitai ma? Jiāng (Is she Mrs.
                      Zhāng?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      E. Transformation Drill
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: Nī shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Are you Mr. Zhāng?)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. Nī shi Zhào Tàitai ma?
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Are you Mrs. Zhào?)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. Nī shi Jiāng XiSojlě ma?
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Are you Miss Jiāng?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      U. Nī shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Are you Comrade Liú?)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. - Nī shi Sdng Tàitai ma?
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Are you Mrs. Song?)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. Nī shi Lī Xiānsheng ma?
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Are you Mr. Lī?)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. Nī shi Sun Tóngzhì ma? (Are you Comrade
                          Sun?)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      F. Transformation Drill
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: WS king Zhāng.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (My surname is Zhāng.)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. W3 xìng Chén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. W5 xìng Huáng.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          U. W3 xìng Gāo.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      5. W3 xìng Sūn.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr.
                      Wáng.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Bú.shi. Tā shi Jiāng Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs.
                      Jiāng.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: Nī xìng Zhāng ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Is your surname Zhāng?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Zhào ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Is your surname Zhào?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Jiāng ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Is your surname Jiāng?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Liú ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Is your surname Liú?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Sdng ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Is your surname Sdng?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Lī ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Is your surname LI?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Sūn ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Is your surname Sūn?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: W3 bú xìng Zhāng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (My surname is not Zhāng.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      W3 bú xìng Chén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      W3 bú xìng Huáng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      W3 bú xìng Gāo.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      W6 bú xìng Sūn.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6. W3 xìng Zhāng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      7. WS xìng Zhōu.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          G. Transformation Drill
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: WS bú shi LI Xiānsheng. (I am not
                          Mr. LI.)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. WS bú shi Wáng Tàitai.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. WS bú shi Chán Xiānsheng.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      h. WS bú shi LÍn Tóngzhì.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. WS bú shi Zhōu Xiāojiā.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. Wō bú shi Jiāng Xiānsheng.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. WS bú shi Sōng Tàitai.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          H. Expansion Drill
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng. (cue)
                          Huang
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (He is not Mr. Wáng.)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tàitai. Jiāng
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì.    LÍn
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      U. Tā bú shi Song XiāojiS. Sun
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      5. Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng. Zhōu
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      6. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Zhāng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      7« Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai.    Song
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wǒ bú xìng Zhāng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      WS bú xìng Zhōu.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: WS bú xìng Li.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (My surname is not Li.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      WS bú xìng Wang.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      WS bú xìng Chén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      WS bú xìng LÍn.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      WS bú xìng Zhōu.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Wo bú xìng Jiāng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      WS bú xìng Sōng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng, tā xìng Huang.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He is not Mr. Wáng; his surname is Huáng.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi Jiāng Tàitai, tā xìng Jiāng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì, tā xìng LÍn.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi Sōng Xiāojiā, tā xìng Sūn.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng, tā xìng Zhōu.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì, tā xìng Zhāng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai, tā xìng Sōng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            I.
          </para>
          <para>
            Expansion Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            1.
          </para>
          <para>
            Speaker: W3 bú xìng Fang.
          </para>
          <para>
            (cue) Hú
          </para>
          <para>
            (My surname is not Fang.)
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Wō bú xìng Fāng, xìng Hú. (My surname is not Fāng;
          </para>
          <para>
            it’s Éú.)
          </para>
          <para>
            2.
          </para>
          <para>
            W8 bú xìng Sun.
          </para>
          <para>
            Song
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō
          </para>
          <para>
            bú xìng Sun, xìng Sōng.
          </para>
          <para>
            3-
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō &quot;bú xìng Yang.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tang
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō
          </para>
          <para>
            bú xìng Yáng, xìng Táng.
          </para>
          <para>
            U.
          </para>
          <para>
            W8 bú xìng Jiāng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhāng
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō
          </para>
          <para>
            bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Zhāng.
          </para>
          <para>
            5.
          </para>
          <para>
            W8 bú xìng Zhōu.
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhāo
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō
          </para>
          <para>
            bú xìng Zhōu, xìng Zhāo.
          </para>
          <para>
            6.
          </para>
          <para>
            W8 bú xìng Wáng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Huang
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō
          </para>
          <para>
            bú xìng Wang, xìng Huáng.
          </para>
          <para>
            7.
          </para>
          <para>
            W8 bú xìng Jiāng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiāng
          </para>
          <para>
            wō
          </para>
          <para>
            bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Jiāng.
          </para>
          <para>
            J. Response Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            1.
          </para>
          <para>
            Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Wáng
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā xìng Huáng.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He is not Mr. Wang. His surname is Huáng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            OR
          </para>
          <para>
            (is he Mr. Wáng?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? Huáng
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is he Mr. Wang?)
          </para>
          <para>
            2.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Liú Tàitai ma? Lin
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Liú Tàitai. Tā xìng Lin.
          </para>
          <para>
            3.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Chen Xiāojiā ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Chen
          </para>
          <para>
            Shì. Tā shi Chen Xiāojiā.
          </para>
          <para>
            1*.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Mao Xiānsheng ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Máo
          </para>
          <para>
            Shì. Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng.
          </para>
          <para>
            5-
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiāng Tóngzhì ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhāng
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì. Tā xìng Zhāng.
          </para>
          <para>
            6.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Sōng Tàitai ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Sōng
          </para>
          <para>
            Shì. Tā shi Sdng Tàitai.
          </para>
          <para>
            7.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Li Xiānsheng ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Wáng
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Lī Xiānsheng. Tā xìng Wáng.
          </para>
          <para>
            K. Transformation Drill
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: W3 xìng Wang.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (My surname is Wang.)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. W3 xìng Chén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. WS xìng Liú.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      U. W3 xìng Huáng.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. W8 xìng Song.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. WS xìng Li.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. W3 xìng Wáng.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      L. Transformation Drill
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: W5 xìng Wáng jiao Dànián.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (My surname is Wáng, and my given name is Dànián.)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. W3 xìng Hú jiao MSilíng.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. W3 xìng Lī jiao Shìyīng.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      U. W3 xìng Fang Jiao Baolán.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. W3 xìng Sun jiao Déxián.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. W3 xìng Chén jiao Huìrán.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. W5 xìng Zhang jiao Zhènhàn.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Student 1: Tā xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (What is his surname?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Student 2; Tā xìng Wáng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (His surname is Wang.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      S2: Tā xìng Chén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      S2: Tā xìng Liú.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      S2: Tā xìng Huáng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      S2: Tā xìng Song.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      S2: Tā xìng Lī.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      S2: Tā xìng Wáng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: Nī xìng Wang jiào shénme?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Your surname is Wáng, and what is your given
                      name?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Speaker: Dànián.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Dànián.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Hú jiào shénme?     Milling.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Lī jiào shénme?     Shìyīng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Fāng Jiào shénme? Baolán.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Sun jiào shénme?    Déxián.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Chén jiào shénme? Huìrán.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Nī xìng Zhang jiào shénme? Zhènhàn.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            M.
          </para>
          <para>
            Combination Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            1.
          </para>
          <para>
            Speaker: Tā xìng Chén. Tā Jiào Bāolán.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Her surname is Chén*. Her given name is Baolan.)
          </para>
          <para>
            You; Tā xìng Chén, Jiào Bāolán.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Her surname is Chén, given name Bāolán.)
          </para>
          <para>
            2.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng LI. Tā Jiào Mínglī.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng LX, Jiào Mínglí.
          </para>
          <para>
            3.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Hú. Tā jiao Bāolān.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Hú, Jiào Bāolán.
          </para>
          <para>
            k.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Jiāng, Tā Jiào Dexián.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Jiāng, jiào Déxián.
          </para>
          <para>
            5.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Zhōu. Tā jiào Zīyàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Zhōu, Jiào Zīyàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            6.
          </para>
          <para>
            <superscript>r</superscript>.'ā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Zhāng. Tā jiào Tíngfēng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Zhāng, Jiào Tíngfēng.
          </para>
          <para>
            7.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Chén. Tā jiào Huìrán.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            xìng Chén, Jiào Huìrán.
          </para>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="unit-3">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark126" /><anchor id="bookmark127" />UNIT
        3</title>
        <section xml:id="introduction-3">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark128" /><anchor id="bookmark129" />INTRODUCTION</title>
          <para>
            Topics Covered in This Unit
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Nationality.
          </para>
          <para>
            2. Home state, province, and city.
          </para>
          <para>
            Prerequisites to the Unit
          </para>
          <para>
            1. PSR 5 and P&amp;R 6 (Tapes 5 and 6 of the resource module
            on Pronunciation and Romanization).
          </para>
          <para>
            2. NUM 1 and NUM 2 (Tapes 1 and 2 of the resource module on
            Numbers), the numbers from 1 to 10.
          </para>
          <para>
            Materials You Will Need
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and
                Reference Notes.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. The 3D-1 tape.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="reference-list-2">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark21" /><anchor id="bookmark130" />REFERENCE
          LIST</title>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      1.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nl shi MSiguo rén ma? Wō shi MSiguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma? Wō shi Zhōngguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Wang Xiānsheng, nī shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Yingguo rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Wō bú shi Yingguo rén.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            1». A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B. Bú shi.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Nī shi MSiguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Shì.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. A: Mā Xiāojiā shi MSiguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            B: Bú shi, tā bú shi MSiguo rén.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. A: mt shi nSiguo rén?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: W3 shi MSiguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. A: Tā shi nSiguo rén?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Tā shi Yingguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                8. A: Nī shi nārde rén?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Wō shi Shànghāi rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                9. A: Tā shi Fang Bāolánde xiānsheng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                10. A: Tā shi nārde rén?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                11. A: Nl shi nārde rén?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: W5 shi Jiāzhōu rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Are you an American?
          </para>
          <para>
            I’m an American.
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you Chinese?
          </para>
          <para>
            I’m Chinese.
          </para>
          <para>
            Mr. Wáng, are you English?
          </para>
          <para>
            I’m not English.
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you Chinese? No.
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you an American?
          </para>
          <para>
            Yes, I am.
          </para>
          <para>
            Is Miss MS an American?
          </para>
          <para>
            No, she is not American.
          </para>
          <para>
            Is she Chinese?
          </para>
          <para>
            Yes, she is Chinese.
          </para>
          <para>
            What is your nationality? I'm American.
          </para>
          <para>
            What is his nationality?
          </para>
          <para>
            He is English.
          </para>
          <para>
            Where are you from? I'm from Shànghāi.
          </para>
          <para>
            He is Fang Bāólān's husband.
          </para>
          <para>
            Where is he from?
          </para>
          <para>
            He's from Shāndōng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Where are you from?
          </para>
          <para>
            I'm a Californian.
          </para>
          <para>
            12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi něiguo rén? A: NX shi
            nSrde rén?
          </para>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
            tapes)
          </para>
          <para>
            13. Déguó
          </para>
          <para>
            1U. èguó (ègu6)
          </para>
          <para>
            15. Fàgufi (F&amp;guó)
          </para>
          <para>
            16. Rìhén
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you an American?
          </para>
          <para>
            What’s your nationality?
          </para>
          <para>
            Where are you from?
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Germany Russia
          </para>
          <para>
            France
          </para>
          <para>
            Japan
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="vocabulary-1">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark22" /><anchor id="bookmark131" />VOCABULARY</title>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      -de
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Déguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (possessive marker) Germany
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Eguó (Eguó)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Russia
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Fàguó (Faguó)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      France
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      -guō
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      country
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Jiāzhōu
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      California
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      MSiguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      America, United States
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      nǎr nSi- * nSiguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      where?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      which?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      which country
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén RìbSn
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      person Japan
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Shāndōng Shànghǎi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (a province name) (a city name)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Yīngguó
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      England
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Zhōngguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      China
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            <inlinemediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-11.png" />
              </imageobject>
            </inlinemediaobject>
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="reference-notes-2">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark24" /><anchor id="bookmark132" />REFERENCE
          NOTES</title>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. A: Ní shi MSiguo rén ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Are you an American?
              </para>
              <para>
                I’m an American.
              </para>
              <para>
                Are you Chinese?
              </para>
              <para>
                I'm Chinese.
              </para>
              <para>
                Mr. Wang, are you English?
              </para>
              <para>
                I'm not English.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: W3 shi MSiguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. A: NX shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: W5 shi Zhōngguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. A: Wang Xiānsheng, nl shi Yingguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: W5 bú shi Yingguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Notes on Nos. 1-3
          </para>
          <para>
            Rén is a noun, &quot;person&quot; or &quot;persons&quot;; so
            MSiguo rén is a noun phrase, literally &quot;America
            person.&quot; Sometimes, however, it is preferable or
            necessary to translate expressions of this sort as
            adjectives or prepositional
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="1">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      phrases.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi MSiguo rén.                  He is an
                      American.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (noun phrase)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.                He is Chinese.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (adjective)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Shāndōng rén.               He is from
                      Shāndōng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (prepositional phrase)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Although MSiguo rén is translated here as &quot;an
            American,&quot; in other contexts it may be translated as
            &quot;the American,&quot; &quot;American,&quot; or &quot;the
            Americans.&quot; Later you will learn the various ways to
            indicate in Chinese whether a noun is definite or
            indefinite, singular or plural.
          </para>
          <para>
            The syllable -guō usually loses its tone in expressions like
            MSiguo rén. (Some speakers drop the tone when the word
            stands alone: MSiguo.)
          </para>
          <para>
            h. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you Chinese?
          </para>
          <para>
            No.
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you an American?
          </para>
          <para>
            Yes, I am.
          </para>
          <para>
            Is Miss Mā an American?
          </para>
          <para>
            No, she is not American
          </para>
          <para>
            Is she Chinese?
          </para>
          <para>
            Yes, she is Chinese.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            B: Bú shi.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Nl shi MSiguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Shì.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. A: MS XiaoJiS shi MSiguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            B: Bú shi, tā bú shi MSiguo rén.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Notes on Nos. U-5
          </para>
          <para>
            The short &quot;yes&quot; answer shi is really the verb
            &quot;am&quot; of the longer, more complete answer. The
            short &quot;no&quot; answer bú shi is really the &quot;am
            not&quot; of the longer answer.
          </para>
          <para>
            It is possible to reduce a &quot;no&quot; answer to bù (note
            the Falling tone), but polite usage requires that you follow
            it up with a more complete answer. Both the short answers
            shi and bú shi are commonly followed by complete answers.
          </para>
          <para>
            6.  A:  Nī shi nSiguo rén?
          </para>
          <para>
            B:  W8 shi MSiguo rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            7.  A:  Tā shi nSiguo rén?
          </para>
          <para>
            B:  Tā shi Yingguo rén.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            What is your nationality? I'm American.
          </para>
          <para>
            What is his nationality? He is English.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Notes on Nos. 6-7
          </para>
          <para>
            NSi- is the question word &quot;which.&quot; It is a bound
            word—a word which cannot stand alone—not a free word.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      nSi-
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      guo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (which
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      country
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      person)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Notice that the syllable -guó, &quot;country,&quot; in the
            phrase nSiguo rén may lose its Rising tone.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      8.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi nǎrde rén?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      W3 shi Shànghǎi rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Where are you from? I'm from Shànghǎi.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      9.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Fāng Bǎolánde xiānsheng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      He is Fāng Bǎolán's husband.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      10.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nǎrde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Where is he from?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      He's from Shāndōng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      11.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      A:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Nī shi nǎrde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Where are you from?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      B:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      W3 shi Jiāzhōu rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I'm a Californian.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Notes on Nos. 8-11 .
          </para>
          <para>
            Nār is the question word &quot;where.&quot; The syllable -de
            is the possessive marker; it functions like the English
            possessive ending -*£.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      nār
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      -de
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (where
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      *s
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      person)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            By reversing the word order, a slightly more idiomatic
            translation is possible: &quot;a person of where.&quot; The
            closest English equivalent is &quot;a person from
            where.&quot; To clarity the role of -de in this expression,
            the tape gives the following example of -de functioning like
            the English possessive ending -’s:
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Fang B&amp;olán
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      -de
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xiānsheng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (Fang Bāolén
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      *8
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      husband)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            12. A: NX shi MSiguo rén ma? A: NX shi nSiguo rén? A: NX shi
            n&amp;rde rén?
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you an American? What's your nationality? Where are you
            from?
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="drills-2">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark133" /><anchor id="bookmark134" />DRILLS</title>
          <para>
            A.
          </para>
          <para>
            Response Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            All responses will be affirmative.
          </para>
          <para>
            1.
          </para>
          <para>
            Speakei
          </para>
          <para>
            :: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma? (Is he Chinese?)
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)
          </para>
          <para>
            2.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            RibSn rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            RibSn rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            3.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhōngguo rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhōngguo rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            U.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            MSiguo rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            MSiguo rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            5.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Déguo rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Déguo rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            6.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiānādà rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiānādà rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            7.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Fàguo rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā
          </para>
          <para>
            shi
          </para>
          <para>
            Fàguo rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            B. Response Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Tā shi Jiānádà ren ma? (cue) Yingguo
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Is he a Canadian?)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            You: Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            Yingguo rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He is not Canadian.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            English.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Shi
          </para>
          <para>
            He is
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Tā shi RibSn rén ma? Zhōngguo
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Tā shi Yingguo rén ma? MSiguō
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            h. Tā shi MSiguo rén ma? J iānádà
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Tā shi Èguo rén ma? Déguō
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Tā shi Yuènán rén ma? Zhōngguō
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Tā shi Fàguo rén ma? Yingguo
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi RibSn rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Yingguo rén. Shi MSiguo rén.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi MSiguo rén. Shi Jiānádà rén.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Èguo rén. Shi Déguo rén.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Yuènán rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Fàguo rén. Shi Yingguo rén.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            C. Response Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Speaker: Tā shi něiguo rén?           You: Tā shi Fàguo
            rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (cue) Fàguō                      (He is French.)
          </para>
          <para>
            (What is his nationality?)
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="6">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nSiguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Zhōngguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Zhōngguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nSiguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      MSiguō
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      MSiguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nSiguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Jiānádā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Jiānádà rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nSiguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      RìbSn
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      RìbSn rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nSiguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Eguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      èguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā s'.ii nSiguo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Déguó
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Déguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            D. Response Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Speaker: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (cue) BSiJīng (Where is he
            from?)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            You: Tā shi BSiJīng rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He is from BSiJīng.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="5">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi nSrde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Shanghai
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi ShānghSi rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi nSrde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Chángshā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Chángshā rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi nSrde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Táizhōng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Táizhōng rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi nSrde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      TáibSi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi TáibSi rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi nSrde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tiānjīng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Tiānjīng rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shi nSrde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      BSiJīng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi BSiJīng rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      3. Tā shi Táiběi rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      U. Tā shi Shànghǎi rén.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. Tā shi Ylngguo rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. Tā shi MSiguo rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. Tā shi Táizhōng rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          F. Transformation Drill
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: Tā shi Lī Tàitai. (She is Mrs.
                          Li.)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. Tā xìng Gāo.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. Tā shi Táiběi rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      U. Tā xìng Liú.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      5. Tā shi MSiguo rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      6. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      G. Transformation Drill
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Ask the appropriate ma question.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: Tā xìng Hú.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (His surname is Hú.)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. Tā shi Běijīng rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. Tā shi Wang Dànián.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          U. Tā xìng LÍn.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      5. Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nSiguo rén?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nSiguo rén?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nSiguo rén?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nǎrde rén?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: Tā bú shi Lī Tàitai.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (She is not Mrs. LI.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú xìng Gāo.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi Táiběi rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú xìng Liú.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi MSiguo rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: Tā xìng Hú ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (is his surname Hú?)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Běijīng rén ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Wáng Dànián ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā xìng Lin ma?
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            H. Transformation Brill
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Speaker: Tā xìng Zhāng.                You: Tā xìng
            shénme?
          </para>
          <para>
            (His surname is Zhāng.)            (What’s his surname?)
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Běijīng rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Wang Dānián.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      It.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Rìběn rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi něiguo rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi shéi?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            E. Transformation Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Speaker: Tā shi BSiJīng rén. (He is from BSiJīng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            OR Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            You: Tā shi nSrde rén? (Where is he from?) Tā shi nSiguo
            rén? (What's his nationality?)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="unit-4">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark135" /><anchor id="bookmark136" />UNIT
        4</title>
        <section xml:id="introduction-4">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark137" /><anchor id="bookmark138" />INTRODUCTION</title>
          <para>
            Topics Covered in This Unit
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Location of people and places.
          </para>
          <para>
            2. Where people's families are from.
          </para>
          <para>
            Prerequisites to the Unit
          </para>
          <para>
            1. NUM 3 and NUM h (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on
            Numbers).
          </para>
          <para>
            2. CE 1, on Classroom Expressions.
          </para>
          <para>
            Materials You Will Need
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and
                Reference Notes.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. The HD-1 tape.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="reference-list-3">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark27" /><anchor id="bookmark139" />REFERENCE
          LIST</title>
          <para>
            (in Bǎijīng)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nǎrde rén?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: W5 shi Dezhōu rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nǎrde rén?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Tā yǎ shi Dézhōu rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. A: Tǎ shi Yīngguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Bū shi, tā bū shi Yīngguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Tā àiren ne?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Tā yé bū shi Yīngguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. A: Qīngwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: WS lǎojiā zài Āndàlūè.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                C: W5 lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. A: Chén Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Tā zài nàr.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Zài zhèr.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Wō àiren xiànzài zài Jiānédà.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            May I ask, where are you from? I'm from Texas.
          </para>
          <para>
            May I ask, where is Mrs.
          </para>
          <para>
            Anderson from?
          </para>
          <para>
            She is from Texas too.
          </para>
          <para>
            Is he English?
          </para>
          <para>
            No, he is not English.
          </para>
          <para>
            And his wife?’
          </para>
          <para>
            She isn't English either.
          </para>
          <para>
            May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo? Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.
          </para>
          <para>
            May I ask, where is your family from?
          </para>
          <para>
            My family is from Ontario.
          </para>
          <para>
            My family is from Shāndōng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Where is Comrade Chén Shìmín?
          </para>
          <para>
            He's there.
          </para>
          <para>
            Where is Qīngdǎo?
          </para>
          <para>
            It's here.
          </para>
          <para>
            Where is your wife now? My wife is in Canada now.
          </para>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
          </para>
          <para>
            (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                9. Learn the pronunciation and locations of any five
                cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on
                pages 80-81.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          VOCABULARY
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          àiren Āndàlūè
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          spouse Ontario
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Dezhōu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Texas
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fūren
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Lady, Madame, Mrs.; wife (of a high-ranking
                          person)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiānádà
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Canada
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          iSojiā
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          &quot;original home&quot;
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          nàr (nèr)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          there
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qīngdào
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Qingwèn . . .
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (a city name) May I ask . . .
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xiànzài
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          now
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          y«
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          also, too, either
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zài zhèr
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be in/at/on here
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                cn
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                <inlinemediaobject>
                  <imageobject>
                    <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-12.png" />
                  </imageobject>
                </inlinemediaobject>
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="reference-notes-3">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark30" /><anchor id="bookmark140" />REFERENCE
          NOTES</title>
          <para>
            1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nSrde rén?        May I ask, where are
            you from?
          </para>
          <para>
            B: W3 shi Dézhōu rén.                 I’m from Texas.
          </para>
          <para>
            Note on No. 1
          </para>
          <para>
            Qīngwèn: Literally, qīng means ’’request,” and wèn means
            &quot;ask (for information).’’ Qīngwèn is used as English
            speakers use &quot;excuse me,&quot; to get someone's
            attention in order to ask him a
            question.<anchor id="footnote3" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark141">3</link></superscript>
          </para>
          <para>
            2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nSrde rén?
          </para>
          <para>
            May I ask, where is Mrs. Anderson from?
          </para>
          <para>
            She is from Texas too.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            Notes on No. 2
          </para>
          <para>
            Names: In the People’s Republic, a foreigner is known by the
            standard phonetic equivalent of his full name. His given
            name is followed by his surname, which is followed by the
            appropriate title. Mr. David Anderson will be called Dàiwéi
            Āndésēn Xiānsheng. In Taiwan, there is no set way of giving
            names to foreigners. Sometimes, as in the PRC, a phonetic
            equivalent of the full name is used (though there are no
            standard versions). Sometimes, the equivalent is based
            entirely on the surname. Mr. Anderson, for instance, might
            be Ān Désēn Xiānsheng. The surname may also be translated,
            as when &quot;King&quot; is translated into Wáng. It is also
            common to base the Chinese surname on the first syllable of
            the original surname, and the Chinese given name on
            something else (often the original given name). In Taiwan,
            Dàwèi is a common phonetic equivalent for &quot;David.&quot;
            &quot;Mr. David Anderson,&quot; therefore, might be Ān Dàwèi
            Xiānsheng. Here is a chart of SOME of the Chinese names that
            might be given to Mr. David Anderson.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      PRC:
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Dàiwéi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Āndésēn |    Xiānsheng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            TAIWAN:
          </para>
          <para>
            Ān
          </para>
          <para>
            Désēn
          </para>
          <para>
            Xiānsheng
          </para>
          <para>
            Ān
          </para>
          <para>
            Dàwèi
          </para>
          <para>
            Xiānsheng
          </para>
          <para>
            Titles: In the PRC, a foreign man is addressed as Xiānsheng.
            and a married woman as either Fūren or Tàitai, depending on
            her status. The term fūren is an expecially respectful term
            used to address the wife of a high-ranking official or
            businessman. Fūren is also used this way on Taiwan. An
            unmarried foreign woman in the PRC may be addressed as
            Xiāojlě, ”Miss.&quot; Married or unmarried women may be
            addressed as Nushì, ’’Ms.” or &quot;Ma’am.” Nushì will be
            introduced in BIO, Unit 1.
          </para>
          <para>
            The term Tóngzhì, ’’Comrade,&quot; was originally used only
            by members of the Communist Party to address other members.
            It is now the general term of address used by all Chinese
            adults in the PRC. It should be remembered, though, that
            Tóngzhì does carry a distinct political implication.
            Visitors in the People’s Republic, who are not citizens and
            who do not take part in efforts to realize Communist ideals,
            will not be addressed as Tóngzhì and should not feel obliged
            to address anyone else as such.
          </para>
          <para>
            Yě is an adverb meaning &quot;also&quot; or &quot;too.&quot;
            It always comes before the verb.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. A: Tā shi Yingguo rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yingguo rén.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Tā àiren ne?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Is he English?
          </para>
          <para>
            No, he is not English.
          </para>
          <para>
            And his wife?
          </para>
          <para>
            She isn't English either
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Notes on No. 3
          </para>
          <para>
            Àiren, which originally meant &quot;loved one,&quot;
            &quot;sweetheart,&quot; or &quot;lover,&quot; is used in the
            PRC for either &quot;husband&quot; or &quot;wife,” i.e., for
            &quot;spouse.&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            The possessive phrase tā àiren. &quot;his wife&quot; (or
            &quot;her husband&quot;), is formed by putting the words for
            &quot;he&quot; (or &quot;she&quot;) and &quot;spouse&quot;
            together. The marker -de (which you have seen in nārde rén)
            is not needed when the possessive relationship is felt to be
            very close. (See also the notes on No. 5.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Yě in a negative sentence is usually translated as
            &quot;either.&quot; In this case, bù comes between yě and
            the verb. Possible English translations for yě, in both
            affirmative and negative sentences, are
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā yě shi Yingguo rén.                  She is English too.
          </para>
          <para>
            She is also English.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.              She is not English
            either.
          </para>
          <para>
            She is also not English.
          </para>
          <para>
            U. A: Qíngwèn, Qīngdāo zài nǎr? B: Qīngdāo zài Shāndōng.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            May I ask, where is Qingdao? Qingdao is in Shāndōng.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Note on No. U
          </para>
          <para>
            Zài is the verb &quot;to be in/at/on,&quot; that is,
            &quot;to be somewhere.&quot; Zài involves location, while
            shi involves identity, &quot;to be someone/something.&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            identity
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ
          </para>
          <para>
            (I
          </para>
          <para>
            shi am
          </para>
          <para>
            Māiguo rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            an American.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            location
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ
          </para>
          <para>
            (I
          </para>
          <para>
            zài am in
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhōngguo.
          </para>
          <para>
            China.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            5. A: Qingwèn, nī laojiā zài nǎr?
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            B: Wǒ laojiā zài Āndàluè.
          </para>
          <para>
            C: Wǒ lāojiā zài Shāndōng.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            May I ask, where is your family from?
          </para>
          <para>
            My family is from Ontario.
          </para>
          <para>
            My family is from Shāndōng.
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Notes on No. 5
          </para>
          <para>
            Literally, lāojiā is &quot;old home&quot; (&quot;original
            home,&quot; &quot;ancestral home,&quot; &quot;native
            place&quot;), that is, the place you and your family are
            from. When a Chinese asks you about your laojiā, he probably
            wants to know about your hometown, the place where you grew
            up. When you ask a Chinese about his lāojiā, however, he
            will tell you where his family came from originally. A
            Chinese whose grandparents came from the province of
            Guangdong will give that as his lāojiā, even if he and his
            parents have spent all of their lives in Sìchuān.
          </para>
          <para>
            NI lāojiā zài nār? (literally &quot;Where is your original
            home?&quot;) asks for
          </para>
          <para>
            the LOCATION of the town you come from.  The question is
            answered with zài
          </para>
          <para>
            plus the name of the province (or state) that the town is
            located in:  W5
          </para>
          <para>
            lāojiā zài Dézhōu (Āndàluè, Shāndōng). Nl lāojiā shi nǎr?
            (translated into English as &quot;What is your original
            home?&quot;) asks about the IDENTITY of the town you come
            from. That question is answered with shi plus the name of
            the town (or city): Wǒ lāojiā shi JiùJInshān (Qīngdāo,
            Shànghǎi). Compare:
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ lāojiā zài Guāngdōng.               My original home is
            in Guāngdōng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ lāojiā shi Guāngzhōu.              My original home is
            Guangzhou.
          </para>
          <para>
            The possessive nī lǎojiā, like tā àiren, does not require a
            possessive marker. However, if more than one word must be
            used to indicate the possessor, -de is often inserted after
            the last word: nī àirende lǎojiā, &quot;your spouse’s
            original home&quot; or &quot;where your spouse’s family
            comes from.”
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. A: Chén Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?
              </para>
              <para>
                Where is Comrade Chén Shìmín? He’s there.
              </para>
              <para>
                Where is Qīngdǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                It’s here.
              </para>
              <para>
                Where is your wife now? tyy wife is in Canada now.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Tā zài nàr.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Zài zhèr.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            B WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.
          </para>
          <para>
            Notes on Nos. 6-8
          </para>
          <para>
            You have learned three words for asking and telling about
            locations.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      nǎr?
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (where?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      nàr (nèr)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (there)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      zhèr
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (here)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            Notice that the question word nǎr is in the Low tone, while
            the answer words nàr and zhèr are both in the Falling tone.
            Also notice that the vowel sound in zhèr is different from
            that in nǎr and nàr. (Some speakers prefer nèr to nàr.)
          </para>
          <para>
            When you are talking about movable things and people that
            you presume are not nearby (&quot;nearby&quot; being
            approximately within pointing range), you usually ask where
            they are NOW. The &quot;present time&quot; word may be
            omitted if the time has been established earlier in the
            conversation.
          </para>
          <para>
            Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?             Where is your wife
            now?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā zài Bǎijīng.                        She's in Bǎijīng
            (now).
          </para>
          <para>
            If you ask about someone or something you presume to be
            nearby (a pair of scissors in a drawer, for instance, or a
            person in a group across the room), you do not use xiànzài.
          </para>
          <para>
            In English, the words &quot;here&quot; and &quot;there&quot;
            are used to refer to locations of any size. In Chinese,
            however, zhèr and nàr are usually not used for cities,
            provinces, and countries (with the exception that you may
            use zhěr to refer to the city you are in). Instead, you
            repeat the name of the place. Compare these two exchanges in
            Běijīng:
          </para>
          <para>
            COUNTRY: Mǎdīng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Zhōngguo ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguo. (He’s here now.)
          </para>
          <para>
            CITY:
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            MSdīng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Shànghǎi ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú zài Shànghǎi; tā zài zhěr. (He’s not there; he’s
            here.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiānádà. &quot;Canada&quot;: Although the middle syllable of
            this word is marked with the Rising tone, at a normal rate
            of speech you will probably hear Jiànādà.
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="drills-3">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark31" /><anchor id="bookmark142" />DRILLS</title>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A. Response Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Respond to the question &quot;Where is he/she from?&quot;
            according to the cue.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Tā shi nārde rén?            You: Tā shi
                Hunan rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (cue) Hunan                      (He/she is from Hunan.)
          </para>
          <para>
            (Where is he/she from?)
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      p •
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén?    Shāndōng
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Where is he/she from?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He/she is from Shāndōng.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā sbi nārde rén? Héběi (Where is he/she from?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Héběi rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He/she is from Héběi.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén? Jiāngsū (Where is he/she from?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He/she is from Jiāngsū.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén? Guāngdōng (Where is he/she
                      from?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Guāngdōng rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He/she is from Guāngdōng.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén? Hūběi (Where is he/she from?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Hūběi rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He/she is from Huběi.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi nārde rén? Sìchuān (Where is he/she from?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shi Sìchuān rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He/she is from Sìchuān.)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B. Transformation Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Ask the appropriate &quot;where&quot; question
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Zhāng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Comrade Zhang’s wife is from Běijīng.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Huang Tongzhì Fūren shi Shanghai rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Wang Tóngzhì Fūren shi Nánjīng rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                U. Lī Tóngzhì Fūren shi Guāngzhōu rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Zhāo Tóngzhì Fūren shi Xiānggāng rén.
              </para>
              <para>
                as in the example.
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Qīngwèn, Zhāng Fūren shi nārde rén?
              </para>
              <para>
                (May I ask, where is Mrs. Zhāng from?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīngwèn, Huang Fūren shi nārde rén?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīngwèn, Wang Fūren shi nārde rén?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīngwèn, Lī Fūren shi narde rén?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Qīngwèn, Zhāo Fūren shi nārde rén?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Mao Tóngzhì Fūren shi Qingdǎo         Qingwèn, Máo
                Fūren shi nǎrde rén?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            rén.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Chén Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng        Qīngwèn, Chén
                Fūren shi nǎrde
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            rén.                                    rén?
          </para>
          <para>
            C. Transformation Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            Change affirmative statements to negative statements.
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: Tā shi HébSi rén. (He/she is from
                          Hebei.)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. Tā shi Shandong rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      U. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. Tā shi Hūnǎn rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. Tā shi Sichuan rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      D. Transformation Drill
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Add yě to the statements.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: Tā shi Héběi rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (He/she is from Hebei.)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      U. Tā shi Hūnǎn rén.
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. Tā shi Shandong rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. Tā shi Henan rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      You: Tā bū shi Héběi rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He/she isn’t from Héběi.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bū shi Shāndōng rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bū shi Jiāngsū rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bū shi Fūjiàn rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bū shi Zhèjiāng rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bū shi Hūnǎn rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā bū shi Sìchuān rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: Tā yě shi Héběi rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (He/she is from Héběi too.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā yě shi Zhèjiāng rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā yě shi Fūjiàn rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā yě shi Hūnǎn rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā yě shi Jiāngsū rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā yě shi Shāndōng rén.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā yě shi Hénan rén.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            E. Transformation Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            Add yě to the statements.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Zhao Xiānsheng bú shi' Taiwan rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Mr. Zhao isn’t from Taiwan.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Li Xiānsheng bú shi Táiběi rén. (Mr. Li isn’t from
                Taiběi.)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Wang Xiānsheng bú shi Táizhōng rér..
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Mr Wáng isn’t from Taizhōng.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            U. Huang Xiānsheng bú shi Tainan rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Liú Xiānsheng bú shi Táidōng rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Hú Xiānsheng bú shi Jīlōng rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from
                Jīlong.)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Chén Xiānsheng bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            You: Zhao Xiānsheng yě bú shi Taiwan rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Mr. Zhao isn’t from Taiwan either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Li Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táiběi rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Mr. Lī isn’t from Taiběi either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táizhōng rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Mr. Wáng isn’t from Táizhōng either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Huáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táinán rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Mr. Huang isn’t from Tainan either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Liú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táidōng rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Hú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Jīlong rén. (Mr. HÚ isn’t from Jīlong
            either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Chén Xiānsheng yě bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong either.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            F. Response Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Mǎ Tongzhì shi Běijīng rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Is Comrade Ma from Běijīng?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren ne?
          </para>
          <para>
            (And his/her spouse?)
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn’t from Běijīng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn’t from Běijīng either.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Zhāng Tóngzhì shi Shanghai rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Is Comrade Zhāng from Shanghai?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren ne?
          </para>
          <para>
            (And his/her spouse?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Jiāng Tóngzhì shi Nánjīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Jiāng
                from Nanjing?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Tā àiren ne?
          </para>
          <para>
            (And his/her spouse?)
          </para>
          <para>
            U. Chen Tóngzhì shi Guāngzhōu rén ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Is Comrade Chén from Guāngzhōu?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren ne?
          </para>
          <para>
            (And his/her spouse?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Sun Tongzhì bú shi Chéngdū rén ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Is Comrade Sūn from Chéngdū?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren ne?
          </para>
          <para>
            (And his/her spouse?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Máo Tóngzhì shi Qingdao rén ma? (Is Comrade Máo from
                Qīngdāo?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Tā àiren ne?
          </para>
          <para>
            (And his/her spouse?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Yang Tóngzhì shi Běijīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Yáng
                from Beijing?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Tā àiren ne?
          </para>
          <para>
            (And his/her spouse?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Shanghai rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn’t from Shànghāi.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren yě bú shi Shànghāi rén. (He/she isn’t from Shànghāi
            either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Nánjīng rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn’t from Nánjīng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren yě bú shi Nánjīng rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn’t from Nánjīng either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā yě bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Chéngdū rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn't from Chéngdū.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren yě bú shi Chéngdū rén. (He/she isn’t from Chéngdū
            either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Qīngdāo rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn't from Qīngdāo.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren yě bú shi Qingdao rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (His/her spouse isn’t from
          </para>
          <para>
            Qingdāo either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bú shi Beijing rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He/she isn't from Beijing.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā àiren yě bú shi Beijing rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (His/her spouse isn't from
          </para>
          <para>
            Beijing either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            G. Response Drill
          </para>
          <para>
            1. Speaker: Qīngwèn, Qīngdāo zài nār? (cue) Shāndōng
          </para>
          <para>
            (May I ask, where is Qīngdāo?)
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Qīngdāo zài Shandong.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Qīngdāo is in Shāndōng.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            2. Qīngwèn, Nánjīng zài nǎr?
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiāngsū
          </para>
          <para>
            (May I ask, where is Nánjīng?)
          </para>
          <para>
            3. Qīngwèn, Guangzhou zài nǎr? Guangdong
          </para>
          <para>
            (May I ask, where is Guǎngzhōu?)
          </para>
          <para>
            U. Qīngwèn, Shanghai zài nǎr?
          </para>
          <para>
            Jiāngsū
          </para>
          <para>
            (May I ask, where is Shànghǎi?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Qīngwèn, Bǎijīng zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Hebei
          </para>
          <para>
            (May I ask, where is Bǎijīng?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Shandong
          </para>
          <para>
            (May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Qīngwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Jiāngsū
          </para>
          <para>
            (May I ask, where is Shanghai?)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Nánjīng zài Jiāngsū.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Nánjīng is in Jiāngsū.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Guǎngzhōu zài Guǎngdōng.) (Guǎngzhōu is in Guǎngdōng.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Shànghǎi is in
            Jiāngsū.)<anchor id="footnote4" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark143">4</link></superscript>
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Bǎijīng zài Hébǎi.
          </para>
          <para>
            (BSijīng is in HébSi.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Qīngdǎo zài Shandong.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Qīngdǎo is in Shandong.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="2">
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. Li Tóngzhì shi Sìchuān rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Comrade Li is from Sìchuān.)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. Zhōu Tongzhì shi Zhejiang rén.
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Comrade Zhōu is from Zhejiang.)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. Mao Tongzhì shi Hunan rén. (Comrade Mao is
                          from Hunan.)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      I. Response Drill
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          1. Speaker: Tā àiren zài nār? (cue) Měiguo
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Where is his/her spouse?)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          2. Tā àiren zài nār? Jiānádà (Where is his/her
                          spouse?)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          3. Tā àiren zài nār? YIngguó (Where is his/her
                          spouse?)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          h. Tā àiren zài nār? Déguo
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Where is his/her spouse?)
                    </para>
                    <itemizedlist>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          5. Tā àiren zài nār? Měiguó (Where is his/her
                          spouse?)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          6. Tā àiren zài nār? Fàguō (Where is his/her
                          spouse?)
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                      <listitem>
                        <para>
                          7. Tā àiren zài nār?    Eguó
                        </para>
                      </listitem>
                    </itemizedlist>
                    <para>
                      (Where is his/her spouse?)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Li Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài Sìchuān.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Comrade Li’s family is from Sìchuān.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Zhōu Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài Zhèjiāng.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Comrade Zhou's family is from Zhèjiāng.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Mao Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài Húnán.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (Comrade Mao's family is from Hunan.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      You: Tā àiren xiànzài zài Měiguo. (His/her spouse
                      is in
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      America now.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà. (His/her spouse is
                      in Canada now.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā àiren xiànzài zài Yīngguó.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (His/her spouse is in England now.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā àiren xiànzài zài Déguo. (His/her spouse is in
                      Germany now.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā àiren xiànzài zài Faguó.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      (His/her spouse is in America now.)
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguó. (His/her spouse is in
                      France now.
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      Tā àiren xiànzài zài Èguó. (His/her spouse is in
                      Russia now.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="criterion-test-sample">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark32" /><anchor id="bookmark144" />CRITERION
        TEST SAMPLE</title>
        <para>
          The purpose of the Criterion Test at the end of each module is
          to show you not only how much of the material you have
          learned, hut also what points you need to work on before
          beginning to study smother module.
        </para>
        <para>
          Since the primary goal of ORN is to introduce the sound system
          of Standard Chinese, this test focuses on your ability to
          discriminate and produce tones, vowels, and consonants.
          Additionally, there are sections which test your ability to
          comprehend and produce numbers from 1 through 99 and the
          material in the ORN Target Lists. Your knowledge of personal
          names and titles and the romanization system is also tested.
          Read the Objectives at the beginning of the module for a
          description of exactly what the test covers. Note: Although
          the entire sound system is introduced in the Pronunciation and
          Romanization Module, you will be tested here only on those
          sounds which occur in the Target Sentences. Other sounds will
          be included in Criterion Tests for later modules.
        </para>
        <para>
          Following is a sample of the Criterion Test for this module.
          Each section of the test, with directions and a sample
          question, is represented here so that you may know exactly
          what is expected of you after studying the ORN Module.
        </para>
        <para>
          Minimum scores are suggested for each section of the test.
          Achieving thesescores means that you are adequately prepared
          for the next module. If you fall below the minimum criterion
          on any section, you should review relevant study materials.
        </para>
        <para>
          You will use a tape to complete Part I of the test. Part II is
          written, and you will complete Part III with your instructor.
          Part IV of the test (Diagnostics) indicates the passing score
          for each section and review materials for each section.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              H. Transformation Drill
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Lin Tóngzhì shi Hūbǎi rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade LÍn is from Hubei. )
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Wáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade Wang is from Shānxī.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Huang Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade Huang is from Shanxī.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. Gāo Tóngzhì shi Fūjiàn rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade Gāo is from Fūjiàn.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You: LÍn Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Hūbǎi.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Comrade Lin's family is from Hubei.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Wáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Comrade Wang’s family is from Shānxī.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Huang Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī (Comrade Huang’s family is
          from Shānxī.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Gāo Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Fūjiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Comrade Gao’s family is from Fūjiàn.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Part I
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. This section tests your ability to distinguish the four
              tones. In your test booklet you will see two syllables
              after each letter. The speaker will pronounce both
              syllables, and then say one of them again. You are to
              decide which syllable was repeated, and circle the
              appropriate one to indicate your choice. The syllables may
              occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone
              was used previously in the module. The same syllable may
              occur more than once in this section.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say. fēi...fSi and then repeat
          fēi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. This section tests your ability to recognize the four
              tones in isolated syllables. The speaker will pronounce a
              syllable twice; you add to the written syllable the tone
              that you hear. Again, the syllables may occur in any of
              the four tones, regardless of which tone was used
              previously in the module.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say: fěi...fSi
        </para>
        <para>
          a.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. This section tests your ability to recognize the four
              tones in two-syllable combinations. The speaker pronounces
              each two-syllable item twice and then pauses a moment for
              you to mark tones on the written syllables. For the first
              ten items, one of the two tones is already marked. For the
              last ten items, you must fill in both tones.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say: chábei...chábei
        </para>
        <para>
          chabei
        </para>
        <para>
          U. In this section, you are tested on syllables which differ
          minimally in sound. The speaker will pronounce each syllable
          in an item once; then he will pronounce one of the syllables
          again. Decide which of the syllables was repeated, and
          indicate your choice by circling that written syllable in your
          test booklet. The syllables in this test do not necessarily
          correspond in every way to syllables in the Target Lists. They
          may vary in tone, for example.
        </para>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say: fan...fang and then repeat
          fang.
        </para>
        <para>
          a. fan
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          fang
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. In this section, you complete the romanization for the
              syllables that you hear. As the speaker says a syllable,
              write the appropriate vowel or consonant letter(s) in the
              blank. This tests your ability to recognize the sounds of
              a syllable and to use the romanization system correctly.
              The speaker will say each syllable twice.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say: pang...pang; then you
          would write
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-13.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. This section tests your ability to understand the
              numbers 1 through 99 in Chinese. For each item, the
              speaker will say a number, and you write down the numerals
              for that number.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, you might hear: shí-sān
        </para>
        <para>
          a- ____
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. This section tests your ability to understand questions
              and answers about where someone is from and where he is
              now. Listen to a conversation between Mr. Johnson and
              Comrade Zhao, who have Just met. You will hear the
              conversation three times. The third time you hear it, a
              pause will follow each line. You may use these pauses to
              fill in the boxes in your booklet with appropriate
              information. (You do not have to wait for the second
              repetition of the conversation to. fill in the answers, of
              course.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example: CYou will hear a conversation similar to
          conversations you heard on the C-2 tapes in this module.!
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Home State or Province
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Present Location
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comrade Zhào
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Johnson (Yuēhànsūn)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comrade Zhao’s husband
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mrs. Johnson
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. This section tests your ability to comprehend Chinese
              utterances by asking you for the English equivalents. For
              each item, the speaker will say a sentence from the Target
              List twice. You indicate your understanding of the
              sentence by circling the letter of the English sentence
              which most closely matches the meaning of the Chinese
              sentence.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, you might hear: Nī shi shéi?...Nī shi shéi?
        </para>
        <para>
          1. a. Who is she?
        </para>
        <para>
          b. Who is he?
        </para>
        <para>
          *cN Who are you?
        </para>
        <para>
          Part II
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. This section tests your general understanding of the
              Chinese system of personal names and titles. Read the
              family histories in your test booklet, and answer the
              questions.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example,
        </para>
        <para>
          Yang TÍngfèng is the Chinese name used by an American, Timothy
          Young, now that he is living in Taipei. His Chinese surname
          is:
        </para>
        <para>
          1. (a} Yang b. Tíngfēng c. Yang Tíngfēng
        </para>
        <para>
          Part III
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. This section tests your ability to pronounce the four
              tones. Simple sound combinations have been chosen so that
              special attention may be given to tone production. For
              each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you
              do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The
              instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to
              choose a fair sampling of all four tones, and select them
              in random order.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, you might say: ma
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. This section tests your ability to pronounce Chinese
              sounds from the Target Lists, as well as your ability to
              read romanization. For each item, choose one syllable and
              read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one
              you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he
              hears. Be sure to choose syllables from each column as you
              go through this section of the test.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, you might say: nín
        </para>
        <para>
          a. (nín
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              12. This section tests your ability to locate and name
              main cities and provinces in China. Using the map in your
              booklet, point out to your instructor five cities and five
              provinces and name them. Pronunciation is of secondary
              importance here.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              13- This section tests your ability to produce sentences
              in Chinese. Your instructor will say an English sentence
              from the Target Lists, and you translate it into Chinese.
              Your Chinese sentence must be correct both in grammar and
              in content.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          1U. This section tests your ability to make conversational use
          of the material covered in this module. Although limited in
          scope, this conversation between you and your instructor
          represents a situation which you are likely to encounter in
          the real world. As in any conversation, you are free to ask
          for a repetition or rephrasing of a sentence, or you may
          volunteer information on the subject. It is not so much the
          correctness of your pronunciation and grammar that is being
          tested as it is your ability to communicate effectively.
        </para>
        <para>
          CD o
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-14.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          APPENDIX I: MAP OF CHINA
        </para>
<literallayout>
<inlinemediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-15.png" />
</imageobject>
</inlinemediaobject></literallayout>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="appendix-iii-countries-and-regions">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark35" /><anchor id="bookmark145" />APPENDIX
        III: COUNTRIES AND REGIONS</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Afghanistan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āfùhàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Germany, West
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xldé
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Albania
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āěrbāníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ghana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiānà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Algeria
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āǎrjílìyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gibraltar
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhíbùluótuó
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Andorra
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Andàoěr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Great Britain
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dà Búlièdiān
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Angola
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ān'gēlā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Greece
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xílà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Argentina
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Agenting
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Greenland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gélínglán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Australia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Aodàlìyà^
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Grenada
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gélínnàdá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Austria
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Aodìlì (Aoguó)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guam
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guándǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bahama Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BāhāmS Qúndǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guatemala
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guādìmǎlā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bahrain
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bālín(guá)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guinea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jīnèiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bangladesh
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mèngjiālā(guó)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guinea-Bissau
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jīnèiyà Bīshào
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Barbados
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bābāduōsl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guyana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guīyànà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Belgium
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bílìshí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Haiti
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hǎidì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Belize
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bólìzl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Honduras
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hóngdūlǎsī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Benin
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bèiníng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hungary.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiōngyálì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bermuda
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bǎimùdá
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Iceland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bíngdǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bhutan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bùdān
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    India
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yìndù
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bolivia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bōllwéiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Indonesia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīnní (Yìndùníxīyà)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Botswana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bocíwǎnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Iran
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīlǎng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Brazil
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bāxí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Iraq
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīlākè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Britain
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīnggué
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ireland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Àiérlǎn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bulgaria
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bǎojiālìyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Israel
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīsèliè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Burma
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Miǎndiàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Italy
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīdàlì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Burundi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bùlóngdí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ivory Coast
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiàngyá Hǎiàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cabinda
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kǎbēndǎ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jamaica
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yámǎijiā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cameroun
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kāmǎiláng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Japan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rfbǎn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Canada
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiānádà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Java
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhǎowā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cape Verde Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fódé Jiao
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jordan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yuēdàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Central Africa
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhōngfēi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kampuchea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiǎnbǔzhài
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chad
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhàdé
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kenya
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kǎnníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chile
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhìlì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Korea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chaoxian (Béijīng),
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    China
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhōngguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hánguó (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Colombia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gělúnbíyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kuwait
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kēwēitè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comoro Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kēmóluó Qúndǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Laos
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lǎowō (Bǎijīng),
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Congo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gāngguǒ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Liáoguo (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Costa Rica
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gēsīdálíjiā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Latvia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lātuōwéiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cuba
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gǔbā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lebanon
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Líbánèn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cyprus
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sàipǔlùsí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lesotho
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Láisuǒtuō
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Czechoslovakia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiékè (Jiékèsīluáfíkè)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Liberia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lìbīliyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Democratic Yemen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mínzhǔ Yemen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Libya
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lìbiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Denmark
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dānmài
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Liechtenstein
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lièzhīdūnshìdēng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Djibouti
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jibuti
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lithuania
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lìtáowǎn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dominican Republic
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Duōmíníjiā (Gòngheguú)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Luxemburg
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lúsēnbǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    East Timor
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dong Dtwén
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Madagascar
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MǎdájiǎsTjiā,
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ecuador
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Eguāduōěr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎěrjiāshí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Egypt
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āijí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Malawi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎlāwéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    El Salvador
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sàǎrwǎduō
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Malays}a
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎláixiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    England
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīngguá
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Maldi’^e Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MǎSrdàirū
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Equatorial Guinea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chìdào Jīnèiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mali
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mali
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Estonia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Aishāníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Malta
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎěrtā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ethiopia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āisàiébīyà (Beijing),
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mauritania
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Máolitǎníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīsuǒbíyà (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mauritius
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Máolīqiúsi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fiji
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fěijì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mexico
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mòxlgē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Finland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fēnlán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Monaco
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mónàgē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    France
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fǎguo, Fàguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mongolia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Měnggǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    French Polynesia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fǎshǔ Bōlìníxīyè
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Morocco
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Móluògē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gabon
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiāpéng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mozambique
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mòsāngblkè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gambia, The
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gāngbiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Namibia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nàmíbíyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Germany
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Déguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nauru
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nǎolǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Germany, East
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dōngdé
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nepal
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Níbóěr
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Netherlands
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hélán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    United States
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méiguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Netherlands Antilles
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āndīlièsī Qúnd&amp;o
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Upper Volta
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shāng Wdārtā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New Zealand
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xīn Xīlán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Uruguay
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wūlāguī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nicaragua
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Níjiālāguā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Venezuela
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wéinèiruìlā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Niger
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nírìér
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Vietnam
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yuènén
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nigeria
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nírilìyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Virgin Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Weiérjīng QúndSo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Norway
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nuówēi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wales
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wēiěrsī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Okinawa
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chōngshéng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Western Sahara
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XI Sāhālā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Oman
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Àmàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Western Samoa
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xi Sāmóyā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Pakistan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BājīsītSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    White Russia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bài Ěluósī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Palestine
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BālēsitSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yemen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yémén
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Panama
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BānámS
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yugoslavia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nánsīlǎfū
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Papua New Guinea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bābùyà Xīn Jīnèiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zaire
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhāyīSr
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Paraguay
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bāliguī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zambia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zànbiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Peru Philippines Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion
                    Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda San Marino SSo Tomé
                    and Príncipe Saudi Arabia
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Scotland Senegal Seychelles Xs. Siberia Sierra Leone
                    Sikkim Singapore Solomon Is. Somalia South Africa
                    Soviet Russia Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sudan
                    Surinam Swaziland
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sweden Switzerland Syria Tanzania Thailand Togo
                    Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda
                    Ukraine
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    United Arab Itairates
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    United Kingdom
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mìlǔ
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Fēilùbīn
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Pútáoyá Bōduōlígè KStSSr Liúníwāng(dSo) Luódéxīyà
                    LuómXníyà Éguó, Eguó Lúwàngdà Shèng MSlìnud Shèng
                    Duōméi hé
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Pǔlínxībí
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Shātè Ālàbó (Bèijīng), Shāwūdí Álābó (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sūgélán
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sàinèijiāér
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sàishéěr Qúndāo Xībólìyà
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sàilā Liang XI jin Xīnjiāpō Suóluómén QúndSo SuSmSlī
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nánfēi
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sūè (Taiwan) Sūlién Xibinyé SīlīlānkS Sudan Sūlinán
                    Sīwèishìlán (Béijīng), Shīw&amp;jilán (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    RuìdiSn Ruìshi Xùlìyà Tlnsāngníyā Tàiguó Duōgē Tāngj
                    iā
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tèlìnídá he Duōbāgē Túnísī
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tǔěrqí Wūgāndá Wūkèlán Alābó Liànhé
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    QiúzhSngguó Liànhé Wàngguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zimbabwe
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jīnbābùwéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="appendix-iv-american-states">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark146" /><anchor id="bookmark147" />APPENDIX
        IV: AMERICAN STATES</title>
        <para>
          All the names of átates may be followed by the word zhōu
          &quot;state,” for example, Ālābāmā zhōu.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Alabama
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Alabama
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Alaska
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ālāsljiā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Arizona
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yàlìsāngnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Arkansas
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ākènsè, Akānsàsí
                    <anchor id="footnote5" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark148">5</link></superscript>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    California
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiāzhōu, Jiālìfóníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Colorado
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kēluólāduō
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Connecticut
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kāngnièdígé, KāngnSidígé
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Delaware
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tèlāhuá, Délāwēi(Sr)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Florida
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fóluólídá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Georgia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Qiáozhìyà, Zuōzhìyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hawaii
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiàwēiyí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Idaho
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Àidáhé
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Illinois
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YīlìnuS(sI)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Indiana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yìndìānnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Iowa
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīāhuá, Àiāhuá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kansas
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kansas!
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kentucky
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    KSntājī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Louisiana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lùytsīānnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Maine
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MiSnyln
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Maryland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎlílán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Massachusetts
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MSsāzhūsài, MSshēng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Michigan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mìxígēn, Mìxiěgēn, Mìzhíān
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Minnesota
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Míngnísūdá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mississippi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Míxíxíbl
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Missouri
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mìsūlī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Montana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méngdànà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nebraska
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nèibùlāsījiā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nevada
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nèihuádá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New Hampshire
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xín HānbushíSr, Xín Hānbùxià
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New Jersey
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xín Zéxí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New Mexico
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xín Mdxīgē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New York
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Niǔyuē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    North Carolina
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BSi KKluSláinà, Bēi Kāluólínnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    North Dakota
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bēi Dákētā, Bēi Dákēdá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ohio
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ÉhàiS
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Oklahoma
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èkèlāhémǎ, Àkèlāhémā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Oregon
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èlègāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Pennsylvania
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bīnzhōu, Bínxífāníyà, Bīnxífánníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rhode Island
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Luádé Dāo, Luōdéàilán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    South Carolina
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nán Kǎluoláinà, Nán KSluólínnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    South Dakota
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nan Dákētā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tennessee
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tiánnāx!
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Texas
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dézhōu, Děkèsàsi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Utah
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YSutā, Yōuta
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Vermont
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wēiméngtè, Fóméngtè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Virginia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wéijíníyā, FSjíníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Washington
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huáshèngdùn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    West Virginia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XI Fójíníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wisconsin
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wēislkāngxín(g)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wyoming
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huáiémíng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="appendix-v-canadian-provinces">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark37" /><anchor id="bookmark149" />APPENDIX
        V: CANADIAN PROVINCES</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Alberta
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YSbódá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    British Columbia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yíngshtt Gēlúriblyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Manitoba
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mànnítuōbā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nev Brunswick
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xín Bùlúnzīvéikè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Newfoundland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Niǔfēnl&amp;ndlo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Northwest Territories
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XíbèilíngdI
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nova Scotia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xin Sīkèshè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ontario
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āndàluè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Prince Edvard Island
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Àidéhuádio
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Quebec
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    KuíbSikè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Saskatchewan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sakèqíwàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yukon
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yùkōng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="appendix-vi-common-chinese-names">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark38" /><anchor id="bookmark150" />APPENDIX
        VI: COMMON CHINESE NAMES</title>
        <para>
        </para>
      </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Surnames
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhōu
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jiang
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  JiSng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  II
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Gāo
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lin
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Sun
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Táng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Song
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MS
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fang
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Given Kames (male)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Dáll
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YSngpíng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mínglī
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ziqiáng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Dànián
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jié
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shìmín
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ZhīyuSn
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huá
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  GuSquán
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Déxián
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Liú Chen Yang SīmS Ouyáng Hú WG Liáng
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Shàowén Shìyīng Tíngfēng
      </para>
      <para>
        Cheng Zhènhàn
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Given Kames (female)
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Juān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huìvén
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Liróng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Défēn
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  W&amp;nrG
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lù
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MSiling
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  BSolán
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Xiùfèng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yùzhēn
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Qi&amp;oyún
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Méilì
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Mlnzhēn Huiran Bīngyíng Qīng Ziyàn
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Pinyin Spelling
                </para>
                <para>
                  Ānbui Fújiàn Gānsù Gu&amp;ngdōng GuSngxī Guizhou
                </para>
                <para>
                  Héběi
                </para>
                <para>
                  Heilongjiang Hénán
                </para>
                <para>
                  Húběi Húnán Jiangsu Jiangxi Jílín Liáonfng Nèimínggǔ
                  Níngxià Qingh&amp;i Shāndōng Shanxi Sh&amp;ixí Sichuan
                </para>
                <para>
                  Taiwan Xinjiang Xizàng Yunnán ZhèJiang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Map Spelling
                </para>
                <para>
                  Anhwei Fukien Kansu Kwangtung Kwangsi Kweichou
                </para>
                <para>
                  Hopeh Heilungkiang Honan Hupeh Hunan Kiangsu Kiangsi
                  Kirin Liaoning
                </para>
                <para>
                  Inner Mongolia Ningsia Tsinghai Shantung Shansi Shensi
                  Szechuan Taiwan Sinkiang Tibet Yunnan Chekiang
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Pinyin Spelling
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  BSijīng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Peking
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Changsha
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ch'ang-sha
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Chengdu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ch’eng-tu
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Dàtáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ta-t’ung
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Gāoxióng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Kao-hsiung
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  GuSngzhōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Canton
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hangzhou
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hang-chou
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  HànkSu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  .Han-k’ou
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huáinán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huai-nan
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Jīlóng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Chi-lung
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Kāifēng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  K’ai-feng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nánchāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nan-ch*ang
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nánjīng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nanking
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  QIngdSo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tsingtao
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ShànghXi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shanghai
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  TaibSi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Taipei
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Táidōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  T’ai-tung
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tainan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  T’ai-nan
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Táizhōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  T’ai-chung
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tiānjīn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tientsin
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wǔchāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu-ch’ang
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wǔhàn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu-han
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Xiān
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Sian
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Map Spelling
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    </section>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="standard-chinese-1">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark151" /><anchor id="bookmark152" />STANDARD
    CHINESE</title>
    <para>
      A MODULAR APPROACH
    </para>
    <para>
      STUDENT TEXT
    </para>
    <para>
      MODULE 1: ORIENTATION
    </para>
    <para>
      MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
    </para>
    <para>
      SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE
    </para>
    <para>
      UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing
      military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program
      (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of
      materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:
    </para>
    <para>
      Defense Language Institute
    </para>
    <para>
      Foreign Language Center
    </para>
    <para>
      NonresidentTraining Division
    </para>
    <para>
      Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006
    </para>
    <para>
      Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores,
      etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of
      view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for
      DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in
      positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written
      materials of this nature will be essential to their mission. The
      presence of controversial statements-whether real ōr apparent-in
      DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the
      opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.
    </para>
    <para>
      Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC
      instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations
      and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is
      based solely on their value for instruction in the language. It
      does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial
      enterprise, nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other
      brand names and businesses not mentioned.
    </para>
    <para>
      In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both
      masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to
      translations of foreign language texts.
    </para>
    <para>
      The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces.
      Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for
      reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products
      distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit
      setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC.
    </para>
    <para>
      PREFACE
    </para>
    <para>
      Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency
      conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to
      address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language
      training community for improving and updating Chinese materials,
      to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible
      enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide
      range of government agencies and academic institutions.
    </para>
    <para>
      A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of
      the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the
      Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service
      Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency,
      and the U.S. Office of Education, later Joined by the Canadian
      Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included
      Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John
      F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard
      Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI);
      Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE);
      and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).
    </para>
    <para>
      The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in
      197<superscript>1</superscript>* in space provided at the Foreign
      Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government
      agencies provided funds and other assistance.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning
      council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the
      Defense Language Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University of
      Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and
      James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977* Lucille A.
      Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W.
      Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan
      of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning
      council and contributed material to the project. The planning
      council drew up the original overall design for the materials and
      met regularly to review their development.
    </para>
    <para>
      Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T.
      Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in
      close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese
      staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the
      instructional formats of the comprehension and production
      self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based
      classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A.
      Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student
      text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the
      staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce
      the materials subsequent to Module 6.
    </para>
    <para>
      All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0.
      Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi
      Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by
      Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna
      Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation
      of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.
    </para>
    <para>
      Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
      Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C.
      Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.
    </para>
    <para>
      The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez
      of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese
      script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms.
      Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by
      Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms.
      Strype.
    </para>
    <para>
      The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign
      Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general
      supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
    </para>
    <para>
      Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the
      cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute,
      Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the
      Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the
      University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.
    </para>
    <para>
      Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster,
      Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language
      Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of
      this edition of the course materials. This support included
      coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading,
      printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.
    </para>
    <para>
      James R. Frith, Chairman
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board
    </para>
    <para>
      CONTENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark153">Preface</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark154">Introduction Section I:  About the
      Course </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark155">Section II:  Background Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark156">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION Objectives
      ....................... .....</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark157">List of Tapes</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark158">Target Lists </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark159">UNIT 1 Introduction</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark160">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark161">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Reference Notes ......... . ......... ..... 28
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark162">Full names and surnames Titles and
      terms of address Drills</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark163">UNIT 2 Introduction *</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark164">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark165">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark166">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Given names
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes/no questions
    </para>
    <para>
      Negative statements
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark167">Greetings Drills</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark168">UNIT 3 Introduction . .</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark169">Reference List ....</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark170">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark171">Unit Map</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark172">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Nationality
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark173">Home state, province, and city
      Drills</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark174">UNIT U Introduction </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark175">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark176">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark177">Unit Map</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark178">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Location of people and places Where people’s families are from
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark179">Drills</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark180">Criterion Test Sample</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Appendices
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark181">I. Map of China</link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark182">II. Map of Taiwan</link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark183">III. Countries and Regions</link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark184">IV. American States</link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark185">V. Canadian Provinces</link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark186">VI. Common Chinese Names</link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark187">VII. Chinese Provinces </link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark188">VIII.  Chinese Cities</link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark189">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
      Objectives</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark190">List of Tapes</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark191">Target Lists </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark192">UNIT 1 Introduction</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark193">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark194">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark195">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Where people are staying (hotels) Short answers The question word
      něige &quot;which?&quot; Drills...............  105
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark196">UNIT 2 Introduction ...</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark197">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark198">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark199">Reference Notes .</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Where people are staying (houses) Where people are working
      Addresses The marker de The marker ba The prepositional verb zài
      Drills..........................120
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark200">UNIT 3 Introduction</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark201">Reference List </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark202">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark203">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Members of a family The plural ending -men The question word jl-
      &quot;how many&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      The adverb dōu ’’all&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark204">Several ways to express
      &quot;and&quot; Drills . . .</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark205">UNIT U Introduction</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark206">Reference List.....'</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark207">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark208">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Arrival and departure times
    </para>
    <para>
      The marker le
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark209">The shi... de construction
      Drills</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark210">UNIT 5 Introduction </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark211">Reference List............</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark212">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark213">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Date and place of birth
    </para>
    <para>
      Days of the week
    </para>
    <para>
      Ages
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark214">The marker le for new situations
      Drills</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark215">UNIT 6 Introduction .....</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark216">Reference List .... ..........
      ..........</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark217">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark218">Reference Notes ................
      .......</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Duration phrases
    </para>
    <para>
      The marker le for completion
    </para>
    <para>
      The &quot;double le&quot; construction
    </para>
    <para>
      The marker guo
    </para>
    <para>
      Action verbs
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark219">State verbs Drills</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark220">UNIT 7 Introduction..</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark221">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark222">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark223">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Where someone works
    </para>
    <para>
      Where and what someone has studied What languages someone can
      speak Auxiliary verbs General objects
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark224">Drills</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark225">UNIT 8 Introduction </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark226">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark227">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark228">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      More on duration phrases The marker le for new situations in
      negative sentences Military titles and branches of service The
      marker ne Process verbs Drills............................223
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <section xml:id="section-i-about-the-course-.-1">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark154" /><anchor id="bookmark229" />SECTION
      I: ABOUT THE COURSE .</title>
      <para>
        This course is designed to give you a practical command of
        spoken Standard Chinese. You will learn both to understand and
        to speak it. Although Standard Chinese is one language, there
        are differences between the particular form it takes in Beijing
        and the form it takes in the rest of the country. There are
        also, of course, significant nonlinguistic differences between
        regions of the country. Reflecting these regional differences,
        the settings for most conversations are Beijing and Taipei.
      </para>
      <para>
        This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign
        languages. In many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and
        student, of classwork and homework, and of text and tape. Here
        is what you should expect:
      </para>
      <para>
        The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical
        situations—the obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in
        China. You will be communicating in Chinese most of the time you
        are in class. You will not always be talking about real
        situations, but you will almost always be purposefully
        exchanging information in Chinese.
      </para>
      <para>
        This focus on conimunicating means that the teacher is first of
        all your conversational partner. Anything that forces
        him<anchor id="footnote6" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark230">6</link></superscript>
        back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drillmaster
        limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the
        Chinese language and to experience the language in its full
        spontaneity, flexibility, and responsiveness.
      </para>
      <para>
        Using class time for communicating, you will complete other
        course activities out of class whenever possible. This is what
        the tapes are for. They introduce the new material of each unit
        and give you as much additional practice as possible without a
        conversational partner.
      </para>
      <para>
        The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you
        through new material step by step and then give you intensive
        practice on what you have covered. In this course you will spend
        almost all your time listening to Chinese and saying things in
        Chinese, either with the tapes or in class.
      </para>
      <para>
        How the Course Is Organized
      </para>
      <para>
        The subtitle of this course, &quot;A Modular Approach,” refers
        to overall organization of the materials into MODULES which
        focus on particular situations or language topics and which
        allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in
        what order. To highlight equally significant features of the
        course, the subtitle could just as well have been &quot;A
        Situational Approach,&quot; &quot;A Taped-Input Approach,&quot;
        or &quot;A Communicative Approach.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Ten situational modules form the
      </para>
      <para>
        ORIENTATION (ORN)
      </para>
      <para>
        BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)
      </para>
      <para>
        MONEY (MON)
      </para>
      <para>
        DIRECTIONS (DIR)
      </para>
      <para>
        TRANSPORTATION (TRN)
      </para>
      <para>
        ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)
      </para>
      <para>
        SOCIETY (SOC)
      </para>
      <para>
        TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)
      </para>
      <para>
        LIFE IN CHINA (LIC)
      </para>
      <para>
        TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)
      </para>
      <para>
        Each core module consists of tapes,
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        core of the course:
      </para>
      <para>
        Talking about who you are and where you are from.
      </para>
      <para>
        Talking about your background, family, studies, and occupation
        and about your visit to China.
      </para>
      <para>
        Making purchases and changing money.
      </para>
      <para>
        Asking directions in a city or in a building.
      </para>
      <para>
        Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding out
        schedule information, buying tickets, and making reservations.
      </para>
      <para>
        Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together, changing
        the time of an appointment, and declining an invitation.
      </para>
      <para>
        Talking about families, relationships between people, cultural
        roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in modern
        society.
      </para>
      <para>
        Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the
        Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.
      </para>
      <para>
        Talking about daily life in Beijing street committees, leisure
        activities, traffic and transportation, buying and rationing,
        housing.
      </para>
      <para>
        Talking about government and party policy changes described in
        newspapers: the educational system,-agricultural policy,
        international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the
        arts.
      </para>
      <para>
        student textbook, and a workbook.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE
        modules and OPTIONAL modules’. Resource modules teach particular
        systems in the language, such as numbers and dates. As you
        proceed through a situational core module, you will occasionally
        take time out to study part of a resource module. (You will
        begin the first’ three of these while studying the Orientation
        Module.)
      </para>
      <para>
        PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R) The sound system of
        Chinese and the Pinyin system of romanization.
      </para>
      <para>
        NUMBERS (NUM)                          Numbers up to five
        digits.
      </para>
      <para>
        CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)            Expressions basic to the
        classroom
      </para>
      <para>
        learning situation.
      </para>
      <para>
        TIME AND DATES (T&amp;D)                   Dates, days of the
        week, clock time,
      </para>
      <para>
        parts of the day.
      </para>
      <para>
        GRAMMAR                               Aspect and verb types,
        word order,
      </para>
      <para>
        multisyllabic verbs and bǎ, auxiliary verbs, complex sentences,
        adverbial expressions.
      </para>
      <para>
        Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.
      </para>
      <para>
        The eight optional modules focus on particular situations:
      </para>
      <para>
        RESTAURANT (RST)
      </para>
      <para>
        HOTEL (HTL)
      </para>
      <para>
        PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)
      </para>
      <para>
        POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)
      </para>
      <para>
        CAR (CAR)
      </para>
      <para>
        CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, AND DEATH (MBD)
      </para>
      <para>
        NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)
      </para>
      <para>
        INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&amp;O)
      </para>
      <para>
        Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These
        optional modules may be used at any time after certain core
        modules.
      </para>
      <para>
        The diagram on page shows how the core modules, optional
        modules, and resource modules fit together in the course.
        Resource modules are shown where study should begin. Optional
        modules are shown where they may be introduced.
      </para>
      <para>
        STANDARD CHINESE : A MODULAR APPROACH
      </para>
      <para>
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      </para>
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      <para>
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      </para>
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      <para>
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      </para>
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      <para>
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      </para>
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      <para>
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            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-20.png" />
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        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
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      <para>
        KEY
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
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      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Inside a Core Module
      </para>
      <para>
        Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also
        includes
      </para>
      <para>
        Objectives: The module objectives are listed at the beginning of
        the text for each module. Read these before starting work on the
        first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to accomplish
        and what you will have to do to pass the test at the end of the
        module.
      </para>
      <para>
        Target Lists: These follow the objectives in the text. They
        summarize the language content of each unit in the form of
        typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each
        sentence is given both in roman-ized Chinese and in English.
        Turn to the appropriate Target List before, during, or after
        your work on a unit, whenever you need to pull together what is
        in the unit.
      </para>
      <para>
        Review Tapes (R-l): The Target List sentences are given on these
        tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module, there are two R-l
        tapes for each module.
      </para>
      <para>
        Criterion Test: After studying each module, you will take a
        Criterion Test to find out which module objectives you have met
        and which you need to work on before beginning to study another
        module.
      </para>
      <para>
        Inside a Unit
      </para>
      <para>
        Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will
        work through two tapes:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l): This tape introduces all the
            new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear them
            in the context of short conversational exchanges. It then
            works them into other short conversations and longer
            passages for listening practice, and finally reviews them in
            the Target List sentences. Your goal when using the tape is
            to understand all the Target List sentences for the unit.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Production Tape 1 (P-1): This tape gives you practice in
            pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you
            learned to understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when using
            the P-1 tape is to be able to produce any of the Target List
            sentences in Chine<superscript>e</superscript>? when given
            the English equivalent.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        The C-l and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are
        &quot;portable&quot; in the sense that they do not tie you down
        to your desk. However, there are some written materials for each
        unit which you will need to work into your study routine. A text
        Reference List at the beginning of each unit contains the
        sentences from the C-l and P-1 tapes. It includes both the
        Chinese sentences and their English equivalents. The text
        Reference Notes restate and expand the comments made on the C-l
        and P-1 tapes concerning grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and
        culture.
      </para>
      <para>
        After you have worked with the C-l and P-1 tapes, you go on to
        two class activities:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Target List Review: In this first class activity of the
            unit, you find out how well you learned the C-l and P-1
            sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and
            production of the Target List sentences. He also presents
            any additional required vocabulary items, found at the end
            of the Target List, which were not on the C-l and P-1 tapes.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            U. Structural Buildup: During this class activity, you work
            on your understanding and control of the new structures in
            the unit. You respond to questions from your teacher about
            situations illustrated on a chalkboard or explained in other
            ways.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some
        time working on the drills for the unit.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Drill Tape: This tape takes you through various types of
            drills based on the Target List sentences and on the
            additional required vocabulary.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Drills: The teacher may have you go over some or all of
            the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the
            tape, to review the tape, or to replace it.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much
        additional practice as possible outside of class.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2): This tape provides advanced
            listening practice with exercises containing long, varied
            passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the
            material covered. In the C-2 Workbook you answer questions
            about the passages.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. Production Tape 2 (P-2): This tape resembles the
            Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new
            structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2
            Workbook provides instructions and displays of information
            for each exercise.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class
        activities:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. Exercise Review: The teacher reviews the exercises of the
            C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and
            questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2
            tape by questioning you on information displays in the P-2
            Workbook.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10. Communication Activities: Here you use what you have
            learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of
            information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication
            Games) and real-world situations involving you and your
            classmates (in &quot;interviews”) are used.
          </para>
          <para>
            Materials and Activities for a Unit
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            TAPED MATERIALS
          </para>
          <para>
            C-l, P-1 Tapes
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            WRITTEN MATERIALS
          </para>
          <para>
            Target List Reference List Reference Notes
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            D-l Tapes
          </para>
          <para>
            C-2, P-2 Tapes
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Drills
          </para>
          <para>
            Reference Notes C-2, P-2 Workbooks
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            CLASS ACTIVITIES
          </para>
          <para>
            Target List Review
          </para>
          <para>
            Structural Buildup Drills
          </para>
          <para>
            Exercise Review
          </para>
          <para>
            Communication Activities
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            <inlinemediaobject>
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                <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-22.png" />
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            </inlinemediaobject>
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Wen wǔ Temple in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="section-ii-background-notes-about-chinese-1">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark231" /><anchor id="bookmark232" />SECTION
      II

      <anchor id="bookmark233" />BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE</title>
      <para>
        The Chinese Languages
      </para>
      <para>
        We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called
        ’’Chinese. ’’ We say, for example, that the people of China
        speak different dialects of Chinese, and that Confucius wrote in
        an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never
        think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and
        Portugal speak dialects of one language, and that Julius Caesar
        wrote in an ancient form of that language. But the facts are
        almost exactly parallel.
      </para>
      <para>
        Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when
        closer to home, ’’Chinese” is not one language, but a family of
        languages. The language of Confucius is partway up the trunk of
        the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a literary language
        long after its death as a spoken language in popular use. The
        seven modern languages of China, traditionally known as the
        &quot;dialects,&quot; are the branches of the tree. They share
        as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish,
        and Portuguese, and are about as different from one another.
      </para>
      <para>
        The predominant language of China is now known as Putonghua, or
        &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; (literally &quot;the common
        speech&quot;). The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan,
        is Guoyǔ, or &quot;Mandarin&quot; (literally &quot;the national
        language&quot;). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost
        two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater
        part of the country.
      </para>
      <para>
        The term &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; is often used more
        narrowly to refer to the true national language which is
        emerging. This language, which is already the language of all
        national broadcasting, is based primarily on the 'Peking
        dialect, but takes in elements from other dialects of Standard
        Chinese and even from other Chinese languages. Like many
        national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken,
        and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech,
        particularly in pronunciation.
      </para>
      <para>
        The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in
        pronunciation than in grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes
        Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese languages, for
        example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final
        consonants.
      </para>
      <para>
        The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a
        quarter of the population of China, are tightly grouped in the
        southeast, below the Yangtze River. The six are: the Wu group
        (Wu), which includes the &quot;Shanghai dialect&quot;; Hunanese
        (Xiāng); the &quot;Kiangsi dialect&quot; (Gan); Cantonese (Yuè),
        the language of Guangdong, widely spoken in Chinese communities
        in the United States; Fukienese (Min), a variant of which is
        spoken by a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and
        Hakka (Kèjiā). spoken in a belt above the Cantonese area, as
        well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka
        are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia.
      </para>
      <para>
        There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese
        languages. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related
        to the Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are
        entirely unrelated.
      </para>
      <para>
        Some Characteristics of Chinese
      </para>
      <para>
        To us, perhaps the most striking feature of spoken Chinese is
        the use of variation in tone (&quot;tones&quot;) to distinguish
        the different meanings of syllables which would otherwise sound
        alike. All languages, and Chinese is no exception, make use of
        sentence intonation to indicate how whole sentences are to be
        understood. In English, for example, the rising pattern in
        &quot;He’s gone?&quot; tells us that the sentence is meant as a
        question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different
        matter. They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence
        as a whole. An inherent part of each Standard Chinese syllable
        is one of four distinctive tones. The tone does just as much to
        distinguish the syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For
        example, the only difference between the verb &quot;to
        buy,&quot; m&amp;i, and the verb &quot;to sell,&quot; mài, is
        the Low tone (<superscript>w</superscript>) and the Falling tone
        (-). And yet these words are just as distinguishable as our
        words &quot;buy&quot; and &quot;guy,&quot; or &quot;buy&quot;
        and &quot;boy.&quot; Apart from the tones, the sound system of
        Standard Chinese is no more different from English than French
        is.
      </para>
      <para>
        Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one
        thing, there are no conjugations such as are found in many
        European languages. Chinese verbs have fewer forms than English
        verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese grammar
        relies heavily on word order and often the word order is the
        same as in English. For these reasons Chinese is not as
        difficult for Americans to learn to speak as one might think.
      </para>
      <para>
        It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This
        notion contains a good deal of truth. It has been found that, on
        the average, every other word in ordinary conversation is a
        single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the
        dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words
        can almost always be broken down into singlesyllable units of
        meaning, many of which can stand alone as words.
      </para>
      <para>
        Written Chinese
      </para>
      <para>
        Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an
        alphabet. The letters may be different from ours, as in the
        Greek alphabet, but the principle is the same: one letter for
        each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese, however,
        is written with &quot;characters&quot; which stand for whole
        syllables—in fact, for whole syllables with particular meanings.
        Although there are only about thirteen hundred phonetically
        distitìct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several
        thousand Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for
        each single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words
        have the same pronunciation but are written with different
        characters, as tiān, &quot;sky,&quot; X, and tiān, &quot;to
        add,&quot; &quot;to increase,&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Chinese characters are often referred to as
        &quot;ideographs,&quot; which suggests that they stand directly
        for ideas. But this is misleading. It is better to think of them
        as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken language.
      </para>
      <para>
        Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand
        characters. These thousand characters, in combination, give a
        reading vocabulary of several thousand words. Full literacy
        calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to
        reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has
        been a vast extension in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) of
        the principle of character simplification, which has reduced the
        average number of strokes per character by half.
      </para>
      <para>
        During the past century, various systems have been proposed for
        representing the sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman
        alphabet. One of these romanizations, Hànyǔ Pinyin (literally
        &quot;Chinese Language Spelling,&quot; generally called
        &quot;Pinyin&quot; in English), has been adopted officially in
        the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students the
        Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal
        is the use of Pinyin for written communication throughout the
        country. This is not possible, of course, until speakers across
        the nation have uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese. For
        the time being, characters, which represent meaning, not
        pronunciation, are still the most widely accepted way of
        communicating in writing.
      </para>
      <para>
        Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except v, and
        adds the letter u. The spellings of some of the consonant sounds
        are rather arbitrary from our point of view, but for every
        consonant sound there is only one letter or one combination of
        letters, and vice versa. You will find that each vowel letter
        can stand for different vowel sounds, depending on what letters
        precede or follow it in the syllable. The four tones are
        indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the Neutral tone
        by the absence of an accent mark:
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark234">High:     mā
                            Falling:</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark235">Rising:   ma
                            Neutral:</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark236">Low:</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        One reason often given for the retention of characters is that
        they can be read, with the local pronunciation, by speakers of
        all the Chinese languages. Probably a stronger reason for
        retaining them is that the characters help keep alive
        distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of
        meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken language.
        On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard
        Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he
        can learn several thousand characters.
      </para>
      <para>
        Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple
        written representation of pronunciation. The characters, which
        are chiefly responsible for the reputation of Chinese as a
        difficult language, are taught separately.
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="background-notes-about-chinese-characters-1">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark237" /><anchor id="bookmark238" />BACKGROUND
      NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</title>
      <para>
        Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of
        strokes. There are very few basic types of strokes, each with
        its own prescribed direction, length, and contour. The dynamics
        of these strokes as written with a brush, the classical writing
        instrument, show up clearly even in printed characters. You can
        tell from the varying thickness of the stroke how the brush met
        the paper, how it swooped, and how it lifted; these effects are
        largely lost in characters written with a ball-point pen.
      </para>
      <para>
        The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s take
        the character for &quot;mouth,&quot; pronounced kou. Here it is
        as normally written, with the order and directions of the
        strokes indicated.
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
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            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-23.png" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        If the character is written rapidly, in &quot;running-style
        writing,&quot; one stroke glides into the next, like this.
      </para>
      <para>
        If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite
        different distortions would take place as each stroke reflected
        the last and anticipated the next, and the character would be
        illegible.
      </para>
      <para>
        The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the
        Shang Dynasty &quot;oracle bones&quot; of about 1500 B.C.,
        already included characters that went beyond simple pictorial
        representation. There are some characters in use today which are
        pictorial, like the character for &quot;mouth.&quot; There are
        also some which are directly symbolic, like our Roman numerals
        I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers—the first
        numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals
        turned on their sides.) There are some which are indirectly
        symbolic, like our Arabic numerals 1, 2, and 3. But the most
        common type of character is complex, consisting of two parts: a
        &quot;phonetic,&quot; which suggests the pronunciation, and a
        &quot;radical,&quot; which broadly characterizes the meaning.
        Let’s take the following character as an example.
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-24.png" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        This character means &quot;ocean&quot; and is pronounced yang.
        The left side of the character, the three short strokes, is an
        abbreviation of a character which means &quot;water&quot; and is
        pronounced shul. This is the &quot;radical.&quot; It has been
        borrowed only for its meaning, &quot;water.&quot; The right side
        of the character above is a character which means
        &quot;sheep&quot; and is pronounced yang. This is the
        &quot;phonetic.&quot; It has been borrowed only for its sound
        value, yang. A speaker of Chinese encountering the above
        character for the first time could probably figure out that the
        only Chinese word that sounds like yang and means something like
        &quot;water&quot; is the word yang meaning &quot;ocean.&quot;
        We, as speakers of English, might not be able to figure it out.
        Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as neatly as in
        this example. But we can still learn to make good use of these
        hints at sound and sense.
      </para>
      <para>
        Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals.
        According to one of the two dictionary systems used, there are
        1?6 radicals; in the other system, there are 21U. There are over
        a thousand phonetics.
      </para>
      <para>
        Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to
        bottom of the page, starting on the right-hand side, with the
        pages bound so that the first page is where we would expect the
        last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese publications
        paginate like Western publications, and the characters are
        written horizontally, from left to right.
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="background-notes-about-chinese-personal-names-and-titles-1">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark239" /><anchor id="bookmark240" />BACKGROUND
      NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES</title>
      <para>
        A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a
        given name. There is no middle name. The order is the reverse of
        ours: surname first, given name last.
      </para>
      <para>
        The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable
        surname followed by a two-syllable given
        name:<anchor id="footnote7" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark241">7</link></superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhōu Ēnlái (Chou En-lai)
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiang Jièshí (Chiang Kai-shek)
      </para>
      <para>
        Song Qìnglíng (Soong Ch’ing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)
      </para>
      <para>
        Song Měilíng (Soong Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)
      </para>
      <para>
        It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a
        single syllable:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhū De (Chu Teh)
      </para>
      <para>
        Lin Biāo (Lin Piao)
      </para>
      <para>
        Hu Shi (Hu Shih)
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiang Qīng (Chiang Ch’ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung)
      </para>
      <para>
        There are a few two-syllable surnames. These are usually
        followed by single-syllable given names:
      </para>
      <para>
        Sīmǎ Guāng (Ssu-ma Kuang) Ōuyáng Xiū (Ou-yang Hsiu) Zhūgě Liang
        (Chu-ke Liang)
      </para>
      <para>
        But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable
        given names:
      </para>
      <para>
        Sīmǎ Xiāngrú (Ssu-ma Hsiang-Ju)
      </para>
      <para>
        An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred
        written with a single character and several dozen written with
        two characters. Some single-syllable surnames sound exactly
        alike although written with different characters, and to
        distinguish them, the Chinese may occasionally have to describe
        the character or &quot;write&quot; it with a finger on the palm
        of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter are
        fewer than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that
        they account for a good majority of China’s population.
      </para>
      <para>
        Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a
        limited list of characters. Men's names are often but not always
        distinguishable from women’s; the difference, however, usually
        lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not readily
        apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of
        characters.
      </para>
      <para>
        Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles
        is still in use. These titles closely parallel our own
        &quot;Mr.,&quot; &quot;Mrs.,&quot; and &quot;Miss.&quot; Notice,
        however, that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full
        name or the surname alone—rather than preceding it.
      </para>
      <para>
        The title &quot;Mr.&quot; is Xiānsheng.
      </para>
      <para>
        MS Xiānsheng
      </para>
      <para>
        JIS Mínglī Xiānsheng
      </para>
      <para>
        The title &quot;Mrs.&quot; is Tàitai. It follows the husband’s
        full name or surname alone.
      </para>
      <para>
        MS Tàitai
      </para>
      <para>
        MS Mínglī Tàitai
      </para>
      <para>
        The title &quot;Miss&quot; is Xiǎojiě. The MS family’s grown
        daughter, Défēn, would be
      </para>
      <para>
        Mǎ Xiǎojiě
      </para>
      <para>
        MS Défēn XiSojiě
      </para>
      <para>
        Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married
        woman does not take her husband’s name in the same sense as in
        our culture. If Miss Fang BSolán marries Mr. MS Mínglī, she
        becomes Mrs. MS Mínglī, but at the same time she remains Fāng
        BSolán. She does not become MS BSolán; there is no equivalent of
        &quot;Mrs. Mary Smith.&quot; She may, however, add her husband’s
        surname to her own full name and refer to herself as Mǎ Fāng
        BSolán. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss Fāng.
      </para>
      <para>
        These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese
        today in various parts of the world. The titles carry certain
        connotations, however, when used in the PRC today: Tàitai should
        not be used because it designates that woman as a member of the
        leisure class. Xiǎojiě should not be used because it carries the
        connotation of being from a rich family.
      </para>
      <para>
        In the People’s Republic, the title &quot;Comrade,&quot;
        Tongzhì, is used in place of the titles Xiānsheng, Tàitai, and
        Xiǎojiě. Mǎ Mínglī would be
      </para>
      <para>
        MS Tongzhì
      </para>
      <para>
        Mǎ Mínglī Tongzhì
      </para>
      <para>
        The title ’’Comrade&quot; is applied to all, regardless of sex
        or marital status. A married'-woman does not take her husband’s
        name in any sense. MS Mínglí’s wife would be
      </para>
      <para>
        Fang Tóngzhì
      </para>
      <para>
        Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì
      </para>
      <para>
        Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s
        surname at birth. In some families one child has the father's
        surname, and another child has the mother’s surname. MS MÍnglī’s
        and Fang BSolán's grown daughter could be
      </para>
      <para>
        MS Tóngzhì
      </para>
      <para>
        MS Défēn Tóngzhì
      </para>
      <para>
        Their grown son could be
      </para>
      <para>
        Fang Tóngzhì
      </para>
      <para>
        Fang Zìqiáng Tóngzhì
      </para>
      <para>
        Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official
        titles and titles of respect in addition to the common titles we
        have discussed here. Several of these will be introduced later
        in the course.
      </para>
      <para>
        The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for
        special consideration. In the People’s Republic the policy is to
        assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign names. These
        approximations are often not as close phonetically as they might
        be, since the choice of appropriate written characters may bring
        in nonphonetic considerations. (An attempt is usually made when
        transliterating to use characters with attractive meanings.) For
        the most part, the resulting names do not at all resemble
        Chinese names. For example, the official version of &quot;David
        Anderson&quot; is Dàiwéi Andésēn.
      </para>
      <para>
        An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct
        a valid Chinese name that suggests the foreign name
        phonetically. For example, &quot;David Anderson&quot; might be
        An Dàwèi.
      </para>
      <para>
        Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a
        Chinese surname, semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic
        suggestiveness. For example, Wang, a common Chinese surname,
        means &quot;king,&quot; so &quot;Daniel King&quot; might be
        rendered Wang Dànián.
      </para>
      <para>
        Students in this course will be given both the official PRC
        phonetic equivalents of their names and Chinese-style names.
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="module-1-orientation-1">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark242" /><anchor id="bookmark243" />MODULE
      1: ORIENTATION</title>
      <para>
        The Orientation Module and associated resource modules provide
        the linguistic tools needed to begin the study of Chinese. The
        materials also introduce the teaching procedures used in this
        course.
      </para>
      <para>
        The Orientation Module is not a typical course module in several
        respects. First, it does not have a situational topic of its
        own, but rather leads into the situational topic of the
        following module—Biographic Information. Second, it teaches only
        a little Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Third, two of the
        associated resource modules (Pronunciation and Romanization,
        Numbers) are not optional; together with the Orientation Module,
        they are prerequisite to the rest of the course.
      </para>
      <para>
        OBJECTIVES
      </para>
      <para>
        Upon successful completion of this module and the two associated
        resource modules, the student should
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. Distinguish the sounds and tones of Chinese well enough
            to be able to write the Hànyǔ Pinyin romanization for a
            syllable after hearing the syllable.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Be able to pronounce any combination of sounds found in
            the words of the Target Lists when given a romanized
            syllable to read. (Although the entire sound system of
            Chinese is introduced in the module, the student is
            responsible for producing only sounds used in the Target
            Sentences for ORN. Producing the remaining sounds is
            included in the Objectives for Biographic Information.)
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. Know the names and locations of five cities and five
            provinces of China well enough to point out their locations
            on a map, and pronounce the names well enough to be
            understood by a Chinese.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            U. Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99 well enough to write
            them down when dictated, and be able to say them in Chinese
            when given English equivalents.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. Understand the Chinese system of using personal names,
            including the use of titles equivalent to &quot;Mr.,&quot;
            &quot;Mrs.,&quot; &quot;Miss,&quot; and &quot;Comrade.&quot;
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Be able to ask. and understand questions about where
            someone is from.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. Be able to ask and understand questions about where
            someone is.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            8. Be able to give the English equivalents for all the
            Chinese expressions in the Target Lists.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9. Be able to say all the Chinese expressions in the Target
            Lists when cued with English
            equivalents.<superscript>1</superscript>
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10. Be able to take part in short Chinese conversations,
            based on the Target Lists, about how he is, who he is, and
            where he is from.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        TAPES FOR ORN AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES
      </para>
      <para>
        Orientation (ORN)
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 1:
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 2:
      </para>
      <para>
        1 C-l
      </para>
      <para>
        1 P-1
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        C-l
      </para>
      <para>
        2 P-1
      </para>
      <para>
        1&amp;2 D-l
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit 3:
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        C-l
      </para>
      <para>
        3 P-1
      </para>
      <para>
        3 D-l      3 C-2      3 P-2
      </para>
      <para>
        Unit U:
      </para>
      <para>
        1»
      </para>
      <para>
        C-l
      </para>
      <para>
        h P-1
      </para>
      <para>
        h D-l      U C-2      U P-2
      </para>
      <para>
        Pronunciation and Romanization (P&amp;R)
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="6">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  P&amp;R 1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  P&amp;R 2
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  P&amp;R 3
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  P&amp;R U
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  P&amp;R 5
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  P&amp;R 6
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Numbers (NUM)
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  NUM 1      NUM 2
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  NUM 3
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  NUM U
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Classroom Expressions
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (CE)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  CE 1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        UNIT 1 TARGET LIST
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  NX shi shéi?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Who are you?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  WS shi Wang Dànián.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I am Wang Dànián (Daniel King).
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  WS shi Hu Měilíng.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I am Hu Mailing.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nī xìng s he nine ?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  What is. your surname?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wó xìng Wang.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  My surname is Wang (King).
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  W3 xìng Hu.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  My surname is Hu.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi shéi?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Who is he/she?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi MS Mínglí.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  He is Ma Mínglí.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  He is Mr. MS.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi MS Tàitai.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  She is Mrs. Mǎ.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi MS XiSojié.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  She is Miss Mǎ.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi MS Tóngzhì.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  He/she is Comrade Mā.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mr. Wang, who is he?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi MS Mínglí Xiānsheng.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglí.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5-
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Sir, who is she?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi MS Mínglí Tàitai.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglí.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Comrade, who is she?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tā shi Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  She is Comrade Fang Bǎolán.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        UNIT 2 TARGET LIST
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1. A:
                </para>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nl shi Wang Xiānsheng ma?
                </para>
                <para>
                  W5 shi Wang Dànián.
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wo bú shi Wang Xiānsheng.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Are you Mr. Wang? I am Wang Dànián. I’m not Mr. Wang.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2. A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nī xìng Wáng ma?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Is your surname Wáng?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wo xìng Wáng.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  My surname is Wáng.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wo bú xìng Wáng.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  My surname isn't Wang.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  NÍn guìxìng?
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wǒ xìng Wang.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wang.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  U.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nī Jiao shénme?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  What is your given name?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wǒ Jiao Dàniǎn.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  My given name is Dàniǎn (Daniel).
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nī hǎo a?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  How are you?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wǒ hǎo. Nī ne?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I’m fine. And you?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  A:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hǎo. Xièxie.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fine, thank you.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
        tapes)
      </para>
      <para>
        6. míngzi                               given name
      </para>
      <para>
        UNIT 3 TARGET LIST
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      1. A: Nī shi Mǎiguo rén ma?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      B: Shì.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      B: Bu shi.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      2. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      B: Shì, wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      B: Bú shi, wǒ bú shi Zhōngguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      3. A:  Nī shi nǎlguo rén?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      B: Wǒ shi Mǎiguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      B: Wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      B: Wǒ shi Yīngguo rén.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <para>
                  h.  A:  Nī shi nǎrde rén?
                </para>
                <para>
                  B:  Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.
                </para>
                <para>
                  B:  Wǒ shi Shànghǎi rén.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Are you an American?
                </para>
                <para>
                  Yes (I am).
                </para>
                <para>
                  No (I'm not).
                </para>
                <para>
                  Are you Chinese?
                </para>
                <para>
                  Yes, I'm Chinese.
                </para>
                <para>
                  No, I'm not Chinese.
                </para>
                <para>
                  What's your nationality? I'm an American.
                </para>
                <para>
                  I’m Chinese.
                </para>
                <para>
                  I'm English.
                </para>
                <para>
                  Where are you from? I'm a Californian. I'm from
                  Shànghǎi.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
        tapes)
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Déguó
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Germany
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Eguo (Eguo)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Russia
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fàguō (Fāguó)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  France
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Rìběn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Japan
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        UNIT 4 TARGET LIST
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            1. A: Andésén Xiānsheng, nī shi nārde rén?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        B; Wo shi Dézhōu rén.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Andésén Fūren ne?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Tā yé shi Dézhōu rén.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. A: Tā shi YIngguo rén ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A: Tā àiren ne?
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Tā yé bú shi YIngguo rén.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. A: Qīngwèn, nī lāojiā zài nǎr?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Wō lāojiā zài Shāndōng.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            U. A: Qingdao zài zhèr ma?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B: Qingdao bú zài nàr, zài zhèr.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        5. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?
      </para>
      <para>
        B: Tā xiànzài zài Jiānādà.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Where are you from, Mr. Anderson?
      </para>
      <para>
        I’m from Texas.
      </para>
      <para>
        And Mrs. Anderson?
      </para>
      <para>
        She is from Texas too.
      </para>
      <para>
        Is he English?
      </para>
      <para>
        No, he is not English.
      </para>
      <para>
        And his wife?
      </para>
      <para>
        She isn’t English either.
      </para>
      <para>
        May I ask, where is your family from?
      </para>
      <para>
        My family is from Shāndōng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Is Qingdao here? (pointing to a map)
      </para>
      <para>
        Qingdao isn't there; it’s here (pointing to a map;
      </para>
      <para>
        Where is your spouse now?
      </para>
      <para>
        He/she is in Canada now.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
      </para>
      <para>
        (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
      </para>
      <para>
        6. Learn the pronunciation and .location of any five cities and
        five provinces of China found on the maps on pages 30-81.
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-25.png" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        On a Beijing street (courtesy of Pat Fox)
      </para>
      <para>
        UNIT 1
      </para>
      <section xml:id="introduction-5">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark244" /><anchor id="bookmark245" />INTRODUCTION</title>
        <para>
          Topics Covered in This Unit
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Questions and answers about full names and surnames.
        </para>
        <para>
          2. Titles and terms of address (&quot;Mr.,” &quot;Mrs.,&quot;
          etc.).
        </para>
        <para>
          Prerequisites to the Unit
        </para>
        <para>
          (Be sure to complete these before starting the unit.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Background Notes.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. PiR 1 (Tape 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation
              and Romanization), the tones.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. P&amp;R 2 (Tape 2 of the resource module on
              Pronunciation and Romanization), the tones.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Materials You Will Need 1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the
          Reference List and Reference Notes.
        </para>
        <para>
          2. The drill tape (1D-1).
        </para>
        <para>
          About the C-l and P-1 Tapes
        </para>
        <para>
          The C-l and P-1 tapes are your introduction to the Chinese
          words and structures presented in each unit. The tapes give
          you explanations and practice on the new material. By the time
          you have worked through these two tapes, you will be competent
          in understanding and producing the expressions introduced in
          the unit.
        </para>
        <para>
          With the C-l tape, you learn to understand the new words and
          structures. The material is presented in short conversational
          exchanges, first with English translations and later with
          pauses which allow you to translate. Try to give a complete
          English translation for each Chinese expression. Your goal
          when using the C-l tape is to learn the meanings of all the
          words and structures as they are used in the sentences.
        </para>
        <para>
          With the P-1 tape, you learn to put together these sentences.
          You learn to pronounce each new word and use each new
          structure. When the recorded instructions direct you to
          pronounce a word or say a sentence, do so out loud. It is
          important fop you to hear yourself speaking Chinese, so that
          you will know whether you are pronouncing the words correctly.
          Making the effort to say the expression is a big part of
          learning it. It is one thing to think about how a sentence
          should be put together or how it should sound. It is another
          thing to put it together that way or make it sound that way.
          Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to produce the Target
          List expressions in Chinese when given English equivalents. At
          the end of each P-1 tape is a review of the Target List which
          you can go over until you have mastered the expressions.
        </para>
        <para>
          At times, you may feel that the material on a tape is being
          presented too fast. You may find that there is not enough time
          allowed for working out the meaning of a sentence or saying a
          sentence the way you want to. When this happens, stop the
          tape. If you want to, rewind.' Use the control buttons on your
          machine to make the tape manageable for you and to get the
          most out of it.
        </para>
        <para>
          About the Reference List and the Reference Notes
        </para>
        <para>
          The Reference List and the Reference Notes are designed to be
          used before, during, or directly after work with the C-l and
          P-1 tapes.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Reference List is a summary of the C-l and P-1 tapes. It
          contains all sentences which introduce new material, showing
          you both the Chinese sentences written in romanization and
          their English equivalents. You will find that the list is
          printed so that either the Chinese or the English can be
          covered to allow you to test yourself on comprehension,
          production, or romanization of the sentences.
        </para>
        <para>
          The Reference Notes give you information about grammar,
          pronunciation, and cultural usage. Some of these explanations
          duplicate what you hear on the C-l and P-1 tapes. Other
          explanations contain new information.
        </para>
        <para>
          You may use the Reference List and Reference Notes in various
          ways. For example, you may follow the Reference Notes as you
          listen to a tape, glancing at an exchange or stopping to read
          a comment whenever you want to. Or you may look through the
          Reference Notes before listening to a tape, and then use the
          Reference List while you listen, to help you keep track of
          where you are. Whichever way you decide to use these parts of
          a unit, remember that they are reference materials. Don’t rely
          on the translations and romanizations as subtitles for the C-l
          tape or as cue cards for the P-1 tape, for this would rob you
          of your chance to develop listening and responding skills.
        </para>
        <para>
          About the Drills
        </para>
        <para>
          The drills help you develop fluency, ease of response, and
          confidence. You can go through the drills on your own, with
          the drill tapes, and the teacher may take you through them in
          class as well.
        </para>
        <para>
          Allow more than half an hour for a half-hour drill tape, since
          you will usually need to go over all or parts of the tape more
          than once to get full benefit from it.
        </para>
        <para>
          The drills include many personal names, providing you with
          valuable pronunciation practice. However, if you find the
          names more than you can handle the first time through the
          tape, replace them with the pronoun tā whenever possible.
          Similar substitutions are often possible with place names.
        </para>
        <para>
          Some of the drills involve sentences which you may find too
          long to understand or produce on your first try, and you will
          need to rewind for another try. Often, particularly the first
          time through a tape, you will find the pauses too short, and
          you will need to stop the tape to give yourself more time. The
          performance you should aim for with these tapes, however, is
          full comprehension and full, fluent, and accurate production
          while the tape rolls.
        </para>
        <para>
          The five basic types of drills are described below.
        </para>
        <para>
          Substitution Drills; The teacher (T) gives a pattern sentence
          which the student (S) repeats. Then the teacher gives a word
          or phrase (a cue) which the student substitutes appropriately
          in the original sentence. The teacher follows immediately with
          a new cue.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here is an English example of a substitution drill:
        </para>
        <para>
          T: Are you an American?
        </para>
        <para>
          S: Are you an American?
        </para>
        <para>
          T: (cue) English
        </para>
        <para>
          S: Are you English?
        </para>
        <para>
          T: (cue) French
        </para>
        <para>
          S: Are you French?
        </para>
        <para>
          Transformation Drills: On the basis of a model provided at the
          beginning of the drill, the student makes a certain change in
          each sentence the teacher says.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here is an English example of a transformation drill, in which
          the student is changing affirmative sentences into negative
          ones: '
        </para>
        <para>
          T: I’m going to the bank.
        </para>
        <para>
          S: I’m not going to the bank.
        </para>
        <para>
          T: I’m going to the store.
        </para>
        <para>
          S: I’m not going to the store.
        </para>
        <para>
          Response Drills: On the basis of a model given at the
          beginning of the drill, the student responds to questions or
          remarks by the teacher as cued by the teacher.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here is an English example of-a response drill:
        </para>
        <para>
          T: What is his name? (cue) Harris
        </para>
        <para>
          S: His name is Harris.
        </para>
        <para>
          T: What is her name? (cue) Noss
        </para>
        <para>
          S: Her name is Noss.
        </para>
        <para>
          Expansion Drills: The student adds something to a pattern
          sentence as cued by the teacher.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here is an English example of an expansion drill
        </para>
        <para>
          (cue) Japanese He's Japanese.
        </para>
        <para>
          (cue) French She's French.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          T: He isn’t Chinese. S: He isn't Chinese. T: She isn’t German.
          S: She isn’t German.
        </para>
        <para>
          Combination Drills: On the basis of a model given at the
          beginning of the drill, the student combines two phrases or
          sentences given by the teacher into a single utterance.
        </para>
        <para>
          Here is an English example of a combination drill:
        </para>
        <para>
          T: I am reading a book. John gave me the book.
        </para>
        <para>
          S: I am reading a book which John gave me.
        </para>
        <para>
          T: Mary bought a picture. I like the picture.
        </para>
        <para>
          S: Mary bought a picture which I like.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="reference-list-4">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark160" /><anchor id="bookmark246" />REFERENCE
        LIST</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ni shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W3 shi Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who are you?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    I am Wang Danián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NX shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W8 shi Hú Mǎilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who are you?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    I am Hu Měilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    He is MS Mínglí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglí.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Hú Mailing.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Mǎ Mínglí.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    She is Hu Meilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5-
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ní xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W8 xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    What is your surname? My surname is Wang.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā xìng MS.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    He is Mr. Ma.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Mǎ Mínglí Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Wáng, who is he?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglí Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Mr. MS Mínglí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sir, who is he?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    He is Mr. MS.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    11.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sir, who is she?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    She is Mrs. Ma.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Mínglí
                    Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Wáng, who is she?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    She is Mrs. MS Mínglí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    13.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Xiǎojiě.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Wang, who is she?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    She is Miss Mǎ.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglí Tongzhì.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          15.  A:  Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?         Comrade, who is she?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:  Tā shi Fāng BSolán.            She is Fāng Baolán.
        </para>
        <para>
          16.  A:  Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?         Comrade, who is she?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:  Tā shi Fāng Baolán Tongzhì. She is Comrade Fāng BSolán.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="vocabulary-2">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark161" /><anchor id="bookmark247" />VOCABULARY</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    nī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    you
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    who
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shénme
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    what
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    he, she
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    tàitai
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mrs.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    tongzhì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comrade
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    w5
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xiānsheng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr.; sir
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xiSojié (xiáojie)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Miss
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xìng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be sumamed
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="reference-notes-4">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark195" /><anchor id="bookmark248" />REFERENCE
        NOTES</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NX shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    WS shi Wang Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who are you?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    I am Wang Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NX shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who are you?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W5 shi Hú MSilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I am Hú MSilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS MínglX.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Mā MínglX.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Mā MínglX.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Mā MínglX.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Hú MSilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    She is Hú MSilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Notes on Nos. 1-b
        </para>
        <para>
          The verb shì means &quot;to be&quot; in the sense of &quot;to
          be someone or something,&quot; as in &quot;I am Daniel
          King.&quot; It expresses identity. (In Unit U you will learn a
          verb which means &quot;to be&quot; in another sense, &quot;to
          be somewhere,&quot; as in &quot;I am in BSijīng.&quot; That
          verb expresses location.) The verb shì is in the Neutral tone
          (with no accent mark) except when emphasized.
        </para>
        <para>
          Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not
          distinguish first, second, and third persons. A single form
          serves for all three persons.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W8
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wang Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (I am Wang Dànián.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NX
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hú MSilíng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (You are Hú MSilíng.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎ MínglX.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (He is MS MínglX.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Later you will find that Chinese verbs do not distinguish
          singular and plural, either, and that they dó not distinguish
          past, present, and future as such. You need to learn only one
          form for each verb.
        </para>
        <para>
          The pronoun tā is equivalent to both &quot;he&quot; and
          &quot;she.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          The question Nl shi shéi? is actually too direct for most
          situations, although it is all right from teacher to student
          or from student to student. (A more polite question is
          introduced in Unit 2.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Unlike English, Chinese uses the same word order in questions
          as in statements.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (Who is he?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MS Mínglī?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (He is Mǎ Mínglī.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          When you answer a question containing a question word like
          shéi. &quot;who,” simply replace the question word with the
          information it asks for.
        </para>
        <para>
          5.  A:  NX xìng shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:  Wo xìng Wàng.
        </para>
        <para>
          6.  a:  Tā xìng shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:  Tā xìng MS.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          What is your surname? My surname is Wang.
        </para>
        <para>
          What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ■Notes on Nos. 5-6
        </para>
        <para>
          Xìng is a verb, &quot;to be surnamed.” It is in the same
          position in the sentence as shi, &quot;to be.&quot;
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W8
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wang Dàniān.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (I
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    am
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǎng Dànian.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W8
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xìng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wang.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (I
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    am surnamed
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wang.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Notice that the question word shénme. &quot;what,&quot; takes
          the same position as the question word shéi, &quot;who.&quot;
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (You
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    are
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    who?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xìng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shénme?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (You
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    are surnamed
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    what?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Shénme is the official spelling. However, the word is
          pronounced as if it were spelled shémma, or even shéma (often
          with a single rise in pitch extending over &quot;both
          syllables'^ Before another word which begins with a consonant
          sound, it is usually pronounced as if it were spelled shěm.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    He is Mr. Mǎ.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Mr. Ma MÍnglī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Notes on Nos. 7-8
        </para>
        <para>
          After the verb shì you may have the full name alone, the
          surname plus title, or the full name plus title.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mínglī.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mínglī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Xiānsheng. literally ’’first-born,&quot; has more of a
          connotation of respectfulness than &quot;Mr.&quot; Xiānsheng
          is usually applied only to people other than oneself. Do not
          use the title Xiānsheng (or any other respectful title, such
          as Jiàoshòu, &quot;Professor&quot;) when giving your own name.
          If you want to say &quot;I am Mr. Jones,&quot; you may say W5
          xìng Jones.
        </para>
        <para>
          When a name and title are said together, logically enough it
          is the name which gets the heavy stress: WANG Xiānsheng. You
          will often hear the title pronounced with no full tones: WĀNG
          Xiansheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          9. A: Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
        </para>
        <para>
          Mr. Wang, who is he? He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Sir, who is he? He is Mr. Ma.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          10. A: Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? B: Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    11.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiānsheng,- tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sir, who is she? She is Mrs. MS.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Wang, who is she?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglí Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    She is Mrs. MS Mínglí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Note on Nos. 9-12
        </para>
        <para>
          When you address someone directly, use either the name plus
          the title or the title alone. Xiānsheng must be translated as
          &quot;sir&quot; when it is used alone, since &quot;Mr.&quot;
          would not capture its respectful tone. (Tàitai, however, is
          less respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs. Mā as
          MS Taitai.)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    13.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? Tā shi MS XiSojiS.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Wang, who is she? She is Miss MS.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ih.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Who is he?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi MS Mínglí Tóngzhì.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglí.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    15.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comrade, who is she?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Fang Bǎolán.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    She is Fang Bǎolán.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    16.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comrade, who is she?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    She is Comrade Fang Bǎolán.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Note on Nos. 13-16
        </para>
        <para>
          See the Background Notes on Chinese Personal Names and Titles
          for Tóngzhì, &quot;Comrade,&quot; and the use of maiden names.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="drills-4">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark224" /><anchor id="bookmark249" />DRILLS</title>
        <para>
          A. Substitution Drill
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: MS Mínglī
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Hú Měilíng
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Wang Dànián
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          U. LĪ Shìmín
        </para>
        <para>
          5. Liú Lìróng
        </para>
        <para>
          6. Zhāng BSolán.
        </para>
        <para>
          You: Tā shi MS Mínglī.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He is Mǎ Mínglí.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Hú MSilíng. (She is Hu Meiling.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Wang Dànián.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He is Wang Danian.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Lī Shìmín.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He is Li Shìmín.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Liú Lìróng. (She is Liú Lìróng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Zhāng BSolán.
        </para>
        <para>
          (She is Zhāng BSolán.)
        </para>
        <para>
          B. Response Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          When the cue is given by a male speaker, male students should
          respond.
        </para>
        <para>
          When the cue is given by a female speaker, female students
          should respond.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Nī shi shéi?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (cue) Wáng Dànián (Who are you?)
        </para>
        <para>
          OR Nī shi shéi?
        </para>
        <para>
          (cue) Hú MSilíng
        </para>
        <para>
          (Who are you?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Nī shi shéi? Liú Shìmín (Who are you?)
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Nī shi shéi? Chén Huìrán (Who are you?)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          k. Nī shi shéi? Huáng Déxián (Who are you?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Nī shi shéi? Zhao Wānrú (Who are you?)
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián. (I am Wang Dànián.)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Wǒ shi Hú Měilíng. (I am Hú Měilíng.)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Wǒ shi Liú Shìmín. (I am Liú Shìmín.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Nī shi shéi? Jiang Bīngyíng (Who are you?)
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Nī shi shéi? Gāo Yǒngpíng (Who are you?)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          C. Response Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Speaker: Tā shi shéi?
        </para>
        <para>
          (cue) Mā Xiānsheng
        </para>
        <para>
          (Who is he?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Wo shi Jiang Bīngyíng. (I am Jiang Bīngyíng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          W3 shi Gāo Yǒngpíng. (I am Gāo Yǒngpíng.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You: Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Mā.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Who is she?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hú Tàitai
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Hú Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Hú.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mao Xiānsheng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Mao Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Máo.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhāng Tongzhì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Zhāng Tóngzhì. (He is Comrade Zhāng.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Liu Xiāojiā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā. (She is Miss Liú.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi? (Who is he?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mā Xiānsheng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Mǎ.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi? (Who is she?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhào Tàitai
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Zhàò.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          UNIT 2
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="introduction-6">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark250" /><anchor id="bookmark251" />INTRODUCTION</title>
        <para>
          Topics Covered in This Unit
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Questions and answers about given names.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Yes/no questions.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Negative statements.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. Greetings.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Prerequisites to the Unit
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. P&amp;R 3 and P&amp;R U (Tapes 3 and U of the resource
              module on Pronunciation and Romanization).
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Materials You Will Need
        </para>
        <para>
          1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference
          Notes.
        </para>
        <para>
          2. The 2D-1 tape.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="reference-list-5">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark164" /><anchor id="bookmark252" />REFERENCE
        LIST</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Wáng Tàitai ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Wáng Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="smallcaps">Ib she Mrs. Wang? She is
                    Mrs. Wang.</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Are you Mr. Wang?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W3 shi Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I am Wang Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Are you Mr. Mǎ?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W3 shi Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I am Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Are you Mr. Mǎ?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS bú shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I’m not Mr. Mǎ.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS shi Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I am Wáng Danián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS bú shi Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I'm not Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Fāng ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Is your surname Fāng?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W3 bú xìng Fāng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname isn’t Fāng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W3 xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname is Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS bú xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname isn't Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Mǎ ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Is your surname Mǎ?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bú xìng Mǎ. Xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nín guìxìng?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Your surname? (POLITE)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W3 xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My surname is Wáng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī jiao shénme?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    What is your given name?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W3 jiàc Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    My given name is Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    11.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī hǎo a?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    How are you?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W3 hǎo.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I'm fine.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī hǎo a?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    How are you?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W3 hǎo. Nī ne?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I'm fine. And you?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hǎo, xièxie.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fine, thanks.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
          tapes)
        </para>
        <para>
          13* míngzi
        </para>
        <para>
          given name
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    VOCABULARY
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    a
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (question marker)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    bù/bú bú shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    not not to be
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    guìxìng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (honorable) surname
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    hSo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be fine, to be well
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiao
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to be called
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ma míngzi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (question marker) given name
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ne
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (question marker)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xièxie
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    thank you
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="reference-notes-5">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark166" /><anchor id="bookmark253" />REFERENCE
        NOTES</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    At
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Wáng Tàitai ma? Tā shi Wáng Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Is she Mrs. Wang? She is Mrs. Wang.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Are you Mr. Wang?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS shi Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I am Wang Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Are you Mr. Mǎ?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS shi Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I am Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Notes cn Nos. 1-3
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;.he marker ma may be added to any which may be answered
          ’’yes’’ or ’’no.’’
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          statement to turn it into a question
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wáng Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (She is Mrs. Wáng.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wáng Tàitai
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (Is she Mrs. Wáng?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          The reply to a yes/no question is commonly a complete
          affirmative or negative statement, although, as you will see
          later, the statement may be stripped down considerably.
        </para>
        <para>
          h. A: Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you Mr. Mǎ? I'm not Mr. Mā.
        </para>
        <para>
          I am Wang Dànián.
        </para>
        <para>
          I'm not Wang Dànián.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: WS bú shi Mā Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          5. A: WS shi Wang Dànián.
        </para>
        <para>
          B: WS bú shi Wang Dànián.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on Nos,
        </para>
        <para>
          The negative of the verb shi, ’’to be,’’ is bú shi, ’’not to
          be.’’ The equivalent of &quot;not&quot; is the syllable bù.
          The tone for the syllable bù depends on the tone of the
          following syllable. When followed by a syllable with a High,
          Rising, or Low tone, a Falling tone is used (bù). When
          followed by a syllable with a Falling or Neutral tone, a
          Rising tone is used (bú).
        </para>
        <para>
          bù fēi (not to fly) bù féi (not to be fat) bù fSi (not to
          slander) bú fèi (not to waste)
        </para>
        <para>
          Almost all of the first few verbs you learn happen to be in
          the Falling tone, and so take bú. But remember that bù is the
          basic form. That is the form the syllable takes when it stands
          alone as a short &quot;no” answer—Bù— and when it is
          discussed, as in &quot;Bù means 'not'.”
        </para>
        <para>
          Notice that even though shì, &quot;to be,” is usually
          pronounced in the Neutral tone in the phrase bú shi, the
          original Falling tone of shì still causes bù to be pronounced
          with a Rising tone: bú.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: NX xìng Fang ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WS bú xìng Fang.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: WS xìng Wáng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: WS bú xìng Wang.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: NX xìng MS ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú xìng MS. Xìng Wang.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Is your surname Fang?
        </para>
        <para>
          My surname isn't Fang.
        </para>
        <para>
          My surname is Wang.
        </para>
        <para>
          My surname isn't Wang.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is your surname Mǎ?
        </para>
        <para>
          My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wang.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wang Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (I
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    am
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wang Dànián.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WS
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    bú
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MS Xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (I
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    am
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    not
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Mǎ.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Note on No. 8
        </para>
        <para>
          It is quite common in Chinese—much commoner than in
          English--to omit the subject of a sentence when it is clear
          from the context.
        </para>
        <para>
          9. A: Nín guìxìng?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ xìng Wang.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wáng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notea on No. 9
        </para>
        <para>
          Nín is the polite equivalent of nī, &quot;you.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Guìxìng is a polite noun, &quot;surname.&quot; Guì means
          &quot;honorable.&quot; Xìng, which you have learned as the
          verb &quot;to be surnamed,&quot; is in this case a noun,
          &quot;surname.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Literally, Nín guìxìng? is &quot;Your surname?&quot; The
          implied question is understood, and the &quot;sentence&quot;
          consists of the subject alone.
        </para>
        <para>
          10. A: Nī jiào shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ jiào Dànián.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          What is your given name? My given name is Dànián.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Note on No. 10
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiào is a verb meaning &quot;to be called.&quot; In a
          discussion of personal names, we can say that it means
          &quot;to be given-named.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          11.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A:
        </para>
        <para>
          B:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Nī hǎo a? Wǒ hǎo.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          How are you? I’m fine.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 11
        </para>
        <para>
          Notice that the Low tones of wo and nī change to Rising tones
          before the Low tone of hǎo: NÍ hǎo a? W§*hǎo.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hǎo is a verb—&quot;to be good,&quot; &quot;to be well,&quot;
          &quot;to be fine.&quot; Since it functions like the verb
          &quot;to be&quot; plus an adjective in English, we will call
          it an adjectival verb.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    hǎo.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (I
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    am fine.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    hǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    a?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (You
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    are fine
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          12. A: Nī hào a?
        </para>
        <para>
          How are you?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m fine. And you?
        </para>
        <para>
          Fine, thanks.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: W3 háo. Nī ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          A: H&amp;o, xièxie.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 12
        </para>
        <para>
          The marker ne makes a question out of the single word nī,
          ’’you&quot;: ’’And you?” or ”How about you?&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiè is the verb &quot;to thank.&quot; &quot;I thank you&quot;
          would be W8 xièxie nī.
        </para>
        <para>
          Xièxie is often repeated: Xièxie, xièxie.
        </para>
        <para>
          13. míngzi                             given name
        </para>
        <para>
          Note on No. 13
        </para>
        <para>
          One way to ask what someone’s given name is: Nī jiao shénme
          míngzi?
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="drills-5">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark254" /><anchor id="bookmark255" />DRILLS</title>
        <para>
          A. Transformation Drill
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng* (He is Mr. Wang.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Tā shi Hú Tàitai.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (She is Mrs. Hu.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (He is Comrade Liú.)
        </para>
        <para>
          U. Tā shì Zhāng XiǎojiS.
        </para>
        <para>
          (She is Miss Zhāng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          J. Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He is Mr. Ma.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Tā shi Fāng Xiāojiā.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (She is Miss Fāng.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Tā shi Lin Tongzhì.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (He is Comrade Lin.)
        </para>
        <para>
          You: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wáng?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Hú Tàitai ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is she Mrs. Hú?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Liú Tongzhì ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is he Comrade Liú?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Zhāng Xiǎojiě ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is she Miss Zhāng?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is he Mr. Mā?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Fāng XiSojiě ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is she Miss Fāng?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Lin Tóngzhì ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is he Comrade Lin?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B. Response Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr.
                  Wang?)
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Tā shi Zhao Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Zhào?)
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Is she Comrade Chen?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  U. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā ma? (Is she Miss Liú?)
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Is he Mr. Song?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Is she Mrs. Sūn?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Is he Mr. Zhāng?)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You: Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shì. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Zhào.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shì. Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Yes. She is Comrade Chen.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shì. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā. (Yes. She is Miss Liú.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shì. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Yes. He is Mr. Song.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shì. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Yes. She is Mrs. Sun.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shì. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Zhāng.)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C. Response Drill
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          All of your answers will be negative. Give the correct name
          according to the cue.
        </para>
        <para>
          1.
        </para>
        <para>
          Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Liú (Is he Mr. Wang?)
        </para>
        <para>
          You: Bú shi. Tā shi Liú Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          (No. He is Mr. Liú,)
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Gāo Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Gāo?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhào
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Huáng Tongzhì ma? (Is she Comrade Huáng?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Wáng
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Tongzhì. (No. She is Comrade Wang.)
        </para>
        <para>
          U.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Yáng Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Yang?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāng
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú shi. Tā shi Jiang Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiang.)
        </para>
        <para>
          5-
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Ma?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Máo
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú shi, Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. &gt;&amp;o.)
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Zhou XiSojiě ma? (Is she Miss Zhōu?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhào
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào XiSojiS. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng ma? Jiāng
        </para>
        <para>
          Bú shi. Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Jiāng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is he Mr. Jiāng?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              D. Response Drill
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          This drill is a combination of the two previous drills. Give
          an affirmative or a negative answer according to the cue.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma? (cue) Liú
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (is she Mrs. Liú?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    OR    Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Huáng (Is she Mrs. Liú?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? Wáng (is he Mr.
                        Wang?)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Tā shi Gāo Tàitai ma? Zhào (Is she Mrs. Gāo?)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. Tā shi Tang Xiǎojiě ma? Tang (Is she Miss Tang?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    You: Shi. Tā shi Liú Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Liú.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Bú shi. Tā shi Huáng Tàitai.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (No. She is Mrs. Huáng.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiāpsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Zhào.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Shi. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Yes. She is Miss Táng.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā shi Huang Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wang
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Is he Mr. Huang?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā shi Zhāng Tàitai ma? Jiāng (Is she Mrs.
                    Zhāng?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    E. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Nī shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Are you Mr. Zhāng?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Nī shi Zhào Tàitai ma?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Are you Mrs. Zhào?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Nī shi Jiāng XiSojlě ma?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Are you Miss Jiāng?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    U. Nī shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Are you Comrade Liú?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. - Nī shi Sdng Tàitai ma?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Are you Mrs. Song?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. Nī shi Lī Xiānsheng ma?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Are you Mr. Lī?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. Nī shi Sun Tóngzhì ma? (Are you Comrade Sun?)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    F. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: WS king Zhāng.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (My surname is Zhāng.)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. W3 xìng Chén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. W5 xìng Huang.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        U. W3 xìng Gāo.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    5. W3 xìng Sūn.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Wang.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Bú.shi. Tā shi Jiāng Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs.
                    Jiāng.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: Nī xìng Zhāng ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Is your surname Zhāng?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Zhào ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Is your surname Zhào?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Jiāng ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Is your surname Jiāng?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Liú ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Is your surname Liú?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Sdng ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Is your surname Sdng?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Lī ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Is your surname LI?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Sūn ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Is your surname Sūn?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: W3 bú xìng Zhāng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (My surname is not Zhāng.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W3 bú xìng Chén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W3 bú xìng Huáng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W3 bú xìng Gāo.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W6 bú xìng Sūn.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6. W3 xìng Zhāng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    7. WS xìng Zhōu.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        G. Transformation Drill
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: WS bú shi LI Xiānsheng. (I am not
                        Mr. LI.)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. WS bú shi Wáng Tàitai.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. WS bú shi Chán Xiānsheng.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    h. WS bú shi Lin Tóngzhì.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. WS bú shi Zhōu XiSoJiS.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. WS bú shi JiSng Xiānsheng.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. WS bú shi Sōng Tàitai.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        H. Expansion Drill
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng. (cue)
                        Huang
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (He is not Mr. Wáng.)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Tā bú shi JiSng Tàitai. Jiāng
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì.    Lin
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. Tā bú shi Song Xiǎojiě.    Sūn
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng. Zhōu
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Zhāng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    7« Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai.    Song
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ bú xìng Zhāng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    WS bú xìng Zhōu.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: WS bú xìng Li.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (My surname is not Li.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    WS bú xìng Wang.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    WS bú xìng Chén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    WS bú xìng Lin.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    WS bú xìng Zhōu.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    WS bú xìng JiSng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    WS bú xìng Sōng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng, tā xìng Huang.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He is not Mr. Wáng; his surname is Huáng.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi JiSng Tàitai, tā xìng Jiāng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì, tā xìng Lin.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Sōng XiSojiS, tā xìng Sūn.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng, tā xìng Zhōu.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì, tā xìng Zhāng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai, tā xìng Sōng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          I.
        </para>
        <para>
          Expansion Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          1.
        </para>
        <para>
          Speaker: W6 bú xìng Fang.
        </para>
        <para>
          (cue) Hú
        </para>
        <para>
          (My surname is not Fang.)
        </para>
        <para>
          You: Wō bú xìng Fāng, xìng Hú. (My surname is not Fāng;
        </para>
        <para>
          it’s Éú.)
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 bú xìng Sūn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Song
        </para>
        <para>
          WS
        </para>
        <para>
          bú xìng Sūn, xìng Sōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          3-
        </para>
        <para>
          W3 bú xìng Yang.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tang
        </para>
        <para>
          WS
        </para>
        <para>
          bú xìng Yáng, xìng Táng.
        </para>
        <para>
          U.
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 bú xìng Jiāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhāng
        </para>
        <para>
          WS
        </para>
        <para>
          bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Zhāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 bú xìng Zhōu.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhào
        </para>
        <para>
          WS
        </para>
        <para>
          bú xìng Zhōu, xìng Zhào.
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 bú xìng Wáng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Huang
        </para>
        <para>
          WS
        </para>
        <para>
          bú xìng Wáng, xìng Huáng.
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          W8 bú xìng Jiāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāng
        </para>
        <para>
          WS
        </para>
        <para>
          bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Jiāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          J. Response Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          1.
        </para>
        <para>
          Speaker: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Wáng
        </para>
        <para>
          You: Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā xìng Huáng.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He is not Mr. Wang. His surname is Huáng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          OR
        </para>
        <para>
          (is he Mr. Wáng?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? Huáng
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is he Mr. Wang?)
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Liú Tàitai ma? Lin
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Liú Tàitai. Tā xìng Lin.
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Chén Xiāojiā ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Chén
        </para>
        <para>
          Shi. Tā shi Chén Xiāojié.
        </para>
        <para>
          1*.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Mao Xiānsheng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Mao
        </para>
        <para>
          Shi. Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng.
        </para>
        <para>
          5-
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāng Tóngzhì ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhāng
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì. Tā xìng Zhāng.
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Sdng Tàitai ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Sdng
        </para>
        <para>
          Shi. Tā shi Sdng Tàitai.
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Li Xiānsheng ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Wáng
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Lī Xiānsheng. Tā xìng Wáng.
        </para>
        <para>
          K. Transformation Drill
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: W3 xìng Wang.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (My surname is Wang.)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. W3 xìng Chén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. WS xìng Liú.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. WS xìng Huáng.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. WS xìng Song.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. WS xìng Li.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. WS xìng Wáng.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    L. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: WS xìng Wáng jiào Dànián.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (My surname is Wáng, and my given name is Dànián.)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. WS xìng Hú jiào MSilíng.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. WS xìng Lī jiào Shìyīng.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. WS xìng Fāng Jiào BSolán.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. WS xìng Sun jiào Déxián.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. WS xìng Chén jiào Huìrán.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. WS xìng Zhāng jiào Zhènhàn.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Student 1: Tā xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (What is his surname?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Student 2; Tā xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (His surname is Wang.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    S2: Tā xìng Chén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    S2: Tā xìng Liú.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    S2: Tā xìng Huáng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    S2: Tā xìng Song.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    S2: Tā xìng Li.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    SI: Tā xìng shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    S2: Tā xìng Wáng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: Nī xìng Wang jiào shénme?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Your surname is Wáng, and what is your given name?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Speaker: Dànián.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Dànián.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Hú jiào shénme?     Milling.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Lī jiào shénme?     Shìyīng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Fāng Jiào shénme? Baolán.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Sun jiào shénme?    Déxián.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Chén jiào shénme? Huìrán.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nī xìng Zhāng jiào shénme? Zhènhàn.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          M.
        </para>
        <para>
          Combination Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          1.
        </para>
        <para>
          Speaker: Tā xìng Chen. Tā Jiào Bāolán.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Her surname is Chen'. Her given name is Baolan.)
        </para>
        <para>
          You; Tā xìng Chen, Jiào Bāolán.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Her surname is Chén, given name Bāolán.)
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng LI. Tā Jiào Mínglī.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng LI, Jiào Mínglī.
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Hú. Tā jiao Bāolān.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Hú, Jiào Bāolán.
        </para>
        <para>
          k.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Jiāng, Tā Jiào Dexián.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Jiāng, jiào Dexián.
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Zhōu. Tā jiào Zīyàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Zhōu, Jiào Ziyàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          7ā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Zhāng. Tā jiào Tíngfēng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Zhāng, Jiào Tíngfēng.
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Chen. Tā jiào Huìrán.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          xìng Chén, Jiào Huìrán.
        </para>
        <para>
          UNIT 3
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="introduction-7">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark256" /><anchor id="bookmark257" />INTRODUCTION</title>
        <para>
          Topics Covered in This Unit
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Nationality.
        </para>
        <para>
          2. Home state, province, and city.
        </para>
        <para>
          Prerequisites to the Unit
        </para>
        <para>
          1. PSR 5 and P&amp;R 6 (Tapes 5 and 6 of the resource module
          on Pronunciation and Romanization).
        </para>
        <para>
          2. NUM 1 and NUM 2 (Tapes 1 and 2 of the resource module on
          Numbers), the numbers from 1 to 10.
        </para>
        <para>
          Materials You Will Need
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference
              Notes.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. The 3D-1 tape.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="reference-list-6">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark169" /><anchor id="bookmark258" />REFERENCE
        LIST</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi Měiguo rén ma? Wō shi MSiguo rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma? Wō shi Zhōngguo rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wang Xiānsheng, nī shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          YIngguo rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: WS bú shi YIngguo rén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          1». A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B. Bú shi.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nī shi Māiguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: MS XiSojiě shi Méiguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Měiguo rén.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: mt shi nSiguo rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WS shi Měiguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: Tā shi něiguo rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā shi YIngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: NI shi nārde rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WS shi ShànghSi rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. A: Tā shi Fāng Bāolánde xiānsheng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. A: Tā shi nārde rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. A: Ni shi nārde rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WS shi Jiāzhōu rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Are you an American?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m an American.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you Chinese?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          Mr. Wáng, are you English?
        </para>
        <para>
          I’m not English.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you Chinese? No.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you an American?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, I am.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is Miss Mā an American?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, she is not American.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is she Chinese?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, she is Chinese.
        </para>
        <para>
          What is your nationality? I'm American.
        </para>
        <para>
          What is his nationality?
        </para>
        <para>
          He is English.
        </para>
        <para>
          Where are you from? I'm from ShànghSi.
        </para>
        <para>
          He is Fāng BSolán's husband.
        </para>
        <para>
          Where is he from?
        </para>
        <para>
          He's from Shāndōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Where are you from?
        </para>
        <para>
          I'm a Californian.
        </para>
        <para>
          12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi něiguo rén? A: NX shi
          n&amp;rde rén?
        </para>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
          tapes)
        </para>
        <para>
          13. Déguó
        </para>
        <para>
          1U. èguó (ègu6)
        </para>
        <para>
          15. Fàgufi (FAguó)
        </para>
        <para>
          16. Rìhén
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you an American?
        </para>
        <para>
          What’s your nationality?
        </para>
        <para>
          Where are you from?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Germany Russia
        </para>
        <para>
          France
        </para>
        <para>
          Japan
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="vocabulary-3">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark170" /><anchor id="bookmark259" />VOCABULARY</title>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -de
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Déguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (possessive marker) Germany
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Eguó (Egué)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Russia
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fàguó (Faguó)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    France
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -guó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    country
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiāzhōu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    California
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méiguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    America, United States
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    nǎr néi- * nSiguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    where?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    which?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    which country
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén Rìbén
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    person Japan
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shandong Shanghai
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (a province name) (a city name)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīngguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    England
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhōngguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    China
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-26.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="reference-notes-6">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark172" /><anchor id="bookmark260" />REFERENCE
        NOTES</title>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. A: Nī shi Měiguo rén ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Are you an American?
            </para>
            <para>
              I’m an American.
            </para>
            <para>
              Are you Chinese?
            </para>
            <para>
              I'm Chinese.
            </para>
            <para>
              Mr. Wang, are you English?
            </para>
            <para>
              I'm not English.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wō shi Měiguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. A: NX shi Zhōngguo rén ma? B: WS shi Zhōngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Wáng Xiānsheng, nī shi YIngguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Wō bú shi YIngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Notes on Nos. 1-3
        </para>
        <para>
          Rén is a noun, &quot;person&quot; or &quot;persons&quot;; so
          Měiguo rén is a noun phrase, literally &quot;America
          person.&quot; Sometimes, however, it is preferable or
          necessary to translate expressions of this sort as adjectives
          or prepositional
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="1">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    phrases.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Měiguo rén.                  He is an
                    American.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (noun phrase)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.                He is Chinese.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (adjective)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Shāndōng rén.               He is from
                    Shāndōng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (prepositional phrase)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Although Měiguo rén is translated here as &quot;an
          American,&quot; in other contexts it may be translated as
          &quot;the American,&quot; &quot;American,&quot; or &quot;the
          Americans.&quot; Later you will learn the various ways to
          indicate in Chinese whether a noun is definite or indefinite,
          singular or plural.
        </para>
        <para>
          The syllable -guō usually loses its tone in expressions like
          Měiguo rén. (Some speakers drop the tone when the word stands
          alone: Měiguo.)
        </para>
        <para>
          h. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you Chinese?
        </para>
        <para>
          No.
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you an American?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, I am.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is Miss Mǎ an American?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, she is not American
        </para>
        <para>
          Is she Chinese?
        </para>
        <para>
          Yes, she is Chinese.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Bú shi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Nī shi Měiguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: MS Xiǎojiě shi Měiguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Měiguo rén.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Notes on Nos. U-5
        </para>
        <para>
          The short &quot;yes&quot; answer shì is really the verb
          &quot;am&quot; of the longer, more complete answer. The short
          &quot;no&quot; answer bú shi is really the &quot;am not&quot;
          of the longer answer.
        </para>
        <para>
          It is possible to reduce a &quot;no&quot; answer to bù (note
          the Falling tone), but polite usage requires that you follow
          it up with a more complete answer. Both the short answers shì
          and bú shi are commonly followed by complete answers.
        </para>
        <para>
          6.  A:  Nl shi néiguo rén?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:  W8 shi Méiguo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          7.  A:  Tā shi néiguo rén?
        </para>
        <para>
          B:  Tā shi Yīngguo rén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          What is your nationality? I'm American.
        </para>
        <para>
          What is his nationality? He is English.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on Nos. 6-7
        </para>
        <para>
          Néi- is the question word &quot;which.&quot; It is a bound
          word—a word which cannot stand alone—not a free word.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    néi-
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    guo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (which
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    country
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    person)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Notice that the syllable -guó, &quot;country,&quot; in the
          phrase néiguo rén may lose its Rising tone.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nl shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ shi Shànghǎi rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Where are you from? I'm from Shànghǎi.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Fāng Bǎolánde xiānsheng.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He is Fāng Bǎolán's husband.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Where is he from?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Shandong rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    He's from Shandong.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    11.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nī shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Where are you from?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I'm a Californian.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Notes on Nos. 8-11 .
        </para>
        <para>
          N&amp;r is the question word &quot;where.&quot; The syllable
          -de is the possessive marker; it functions like the English
          possessive ending -*£.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    nir
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -de
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (where
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    *s
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    person)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          By reversing the word order, a slightly more idiomatic
          translation is possible: &quot;a person of where.&quot; The
          closest English equivalent is &quot;a person from where.&quot;
          To clarity the role of -de in this expression, the tape gives
          the following example of -de functioning like the English
          possessive ending -’s:
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fang B&amp;olán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    -de
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xiānsheng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (Fang B&amp;olán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    *8
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    husband)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi nSiguo rén? A: NX shi
          n&amp;rde rén?
        </para>
        <para>
          Are you an American? What's your nationality? Where are you
          from?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="drills-6">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark261" /><anchor id="bookmark262" />DRILLS</title>
        <para>
          A.
        </para>
        <para>
          Response Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          All responses will be affirmative.
        </para>
        <para>
          1.
        </para>
        <para>
          Speakei
        </para>
        <para>
          :: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma? (Is he Chinese?)
        </para>
        <para>
          You: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          RibSn rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          RibSn rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguo rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          U.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          MSiguo rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          MSiguo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Déguo rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Déguo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiānādà rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiānādà rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Fàguo rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā
        </para>
        <para>
          shi
        </para>
        <para>
          Fàguo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          B. Response Drill
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Tā shi Jiānádà ren ma? (cue) Yingguo
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Is he a Canadian?)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You: Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yingguo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He is not Canadian.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          English.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Shi
        </para>
        <para>
          He is
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Tā shi RibSn rén ma? Zhōngguo
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Tā shi Yingguo rén ma? MSiguō
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          h. Tā shi MSiguo rén ma? J iānádà
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Tā shi Èguo rén ma? Déguō
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Tā shi Yuènán rén ma? Zhōngguō
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Tā shi Fàguo rén ma? Yingguo
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi RibSn rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Yingguo rén. Shi MSiguo rén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi MSiguo rén. Shi Jiānádà rén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Èguo rén. Shi Déguo rén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Yuènán rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Fàguo rén. Shi Yingguo rén.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          C. Response Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Speaker: Tā shi néiguo rén?           You: Tā shi Fàguo
          rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (cue) Fàguō                      (He is French.)
        </para>
        <para>
          (What is his nationality?)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="6">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi néiguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhōngguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhōngguo rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi néiguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méiguō
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méiguo rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi néiguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiānádā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiānádà rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi néiguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rìbén
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rìbén rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi néiguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Eguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èguo rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā s'.ii néiguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Déguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Déguo rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          D. Response Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Speaker: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (cue) Béijīng (Where is he
          from?)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You: Tā shi Béijīng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He is from Béijīng.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shànghǎi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Shànghǎi rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chángshā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Chángshā rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Taizhōng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Táizhōng rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Táibéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Táibéi rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tiānjīng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Tiānjīng rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BéiJIng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Béijīng rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā shi TáibSi rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    U. Tā shi Shànghāi rén.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. Tā shi YIngguo rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. Tā shi MSiguo rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. Tā shi Táizhōng rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        F. Transformation Drill
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Tā shi Li Tàitai. (She is Mrs. Lī.)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Tā xìng Gāo.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Tā shi TáibSi rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. Tā xìng Liú.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā shi MSiguo rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    G. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Ask the appropriate ma question.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Tā xìng Hú.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (His surname is Hú.)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Tā shi BSijlng rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Tā shi Wang Dànián.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        U. Tā xìng LÍn.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nSiguo rén?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nSiguo rén?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nSiguo rén?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: Tā bú shi Lī Tàitai.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (She is not Mrs. LI.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú xìng Gāo.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi TáibSi rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú xìng Liú.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi MSiguo rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: Tā xìng Hú ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (is his surname Hú?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Beijing rén ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Wang Dànián ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā xìng Lin ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          H. Transformation Brill
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Speaker: Tā xing Zhāng.                You: Tā xìng shénme?
        </para>
        <para>
          (His surname is Zhāng.)            (What’s his surname?)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Béijìng rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nǎrde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Wáng Dànián.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    It.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi RibSn rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nSiguo rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi shéi?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          E. Transformation Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Speaker: Tā shi Béijīng rén. (He is from Béijīng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          OR Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (Where is he from?) Tā shi néiguo rén?
          (What's his nationality?)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          UNIT 4
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="introduction-8">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark263" /><anchor id="bookmark264" />INTRODUCTION</title>
        <para>
          Topics Covered in This Unit
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Location of people and places.
        </para>
        <para>
          2. Where people's families are from.
        </para>
        <para>
          Prerequisites to the Unit
        </para>
        <para>
          1. NUM 3 and NUM h (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on
          Numbers).
        </para>
        <para>
          2. CE 1, on Classroom Expressions.
        </para>
        <para>
          Materials You Will Need
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference
              Notes.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. The HD-1 tape.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="reference-list-7">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark175" /><anchor id="bookmark265" />REFERENCE
        LIST</title>
        <para>
          (in Béijīng)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. A: Qīngwèn, nl shi nǎrde rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WS shi De zhōu rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nǎrde rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā yǎ shi Dézhōu rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Tǎ shi Yīngguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tā àiren ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā yé bú shi Yīngguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Qīngdǎo zǎi Shandong.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. A: Qīngwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WS lǎojiā zǎi Āndàluè.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              C: WS lǎojiā zǎi Shāndōng.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Chen Shìmín Tóngzhì zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā zài nàr.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zài zhèr.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          May I ask, where are you from? I'm from Texas.
        </para>
        <para>
          May I ask, where is Mrs.
        </para>
        <para>
          Anderson from?
        </para>
        <para>
          She is from Texas too.
        </para>
        <para>
          Is he English?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, he is not English.
        </para>
        <para>
          And his wife?’
        </para>
        <para>
          She isn't English either.
        </para>
        <para>
          May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo? Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          May I ask, where is your family from?
        </para>
        <para>
          My family is from Ontario.
        </para>
        <para>
          My family is from Shāndōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Where is Comrade Chen Shìmín?
        </para>
        <para>
          He's there.
        </para>
        <para>
          Where is Qīngdǎo?
        </para>
        <para>
          It's here.
        </para>
        <para>
          Where is your wife now? My wife is in Canada now.
        </para>
        <para>
          ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
        </para>
        <para>
          (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. Learn the pronunciation and locations of any five
              cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on
              pages 80-81.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        VOCABULARY
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        àiren Āndàlūè
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        spouse Ontario
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Dézhōu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Texas
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fūren
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Lady, Madame, Mrs.; wife (of a high-ranking
                        person)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Jiānádà
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Canada
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        iSojiā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        &quot;original home&quot;
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        nàr (nèr)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        there
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        QīngdSo
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Qlngwèn . . .
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (a city name) May I ask . . .
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiànzài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        now
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yé
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        also, too, either
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zài zhèr
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be in/at/on here
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              cn
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              <inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-27.png" />
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject>
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="reference-notes-7">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark178" /><anchor id="bookmark266" />REFERENCE
        NOTES</title>
        <para>
          1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nSrde rén?        May I ask, where are
          you from?
        </para>
        <para>
          B: W3 shi Dézhōu rén.                 I’m from Texas.
        </para>
        <para>
          Note on No. 1
        </para>
        <para>
          Qīngwèn: Literally, qīng means ’’request,” and wèn means
          &quot;ask (for information).’’ Qīngwèn is used as English
          speakers use &quot;excuse me,&quot; to get someone's attention
          in order to ask him a
          question.<anchor id="footnote8" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark267">8</link></superscript>
        </para>
        <para>
          2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nSrde rén?
        </para>
        <para>
          May I ask, where is Mrs. Anderson from?
        </para>
        <para>
          She is from Texas too.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 2
        </para>
        <para>
          Names: In the People’s Republic, a foreigner is known by the
          standard phonetic equivalent of his full name. His given name
          is followed by his surname, which is followed by the
          appropriate title. Mr. David Anderson will be called Dàiwéi
          Āndésēn Xiānsheng. In Taiwan, there is no set way of giving
          names to foreigners. Sometimes, as in the PRC, a phonetic
          equivalent of the full name is used (though there are no
          standard versions). Sometimes, the equivalent is based
          entirely on the surname. Mr. Anderson, for instance, might be
          Ān Désēn Xiānsheng. The surname may also be translated, as
          when &quot;King&quot; is translated into Wáng. It is also
          common to base the Chinese surname on the first syllable of
          the original surname, and the Chinese given name on something
          else (often the original given name). In Taiwan, Dāwèi is a
          common phonetic equivalent for &quot;David.&quot; &quot;Mr.
          David Anderson,&quot; therefore, might be Ān Dāwèi Xiānsheng.
          Here is a chart of SOME of the Chinese names that might be
          given to Mr. David Anderson.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    PRC:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dàiwéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āndésēn |    Xiānsheng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          TAIWAN:
        </para>
        <para>
          Ān
        </para>
        <para>
          Désēn
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiānsheng
        </para>
        <para>
          Ān
        </para>
        <para>
          Dāwèi
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiānsheng
        </para>
        <para>
          Titles: In the PRC, a foreign man is addressed as Xiānsheng.
          and a married woman as either Fūren or Tàitai. depending on
          her status. The term fūren is an expecially respectful term
          used to address the wife of a high-ranking official or
          businessman. Fūren is also used this way on Taiwan. An
          unmarried foreign woman in the PRC may be addressed as
          Xiaoj18, ”Miss.&quot; Married or unmarried women may be
          addressed as Nushì, ’’Ms.” or &quot;Ma’am.” Nushì will be
          introduced in BIO, Unit 1.
        </para>
        <para>
          The term Tongzhì, ’’Comrade,&quot; was originally used only by
          members of the Communist Party to address other members. It is
          now the general term of address used by all Chinese adults in
          the PRC. It should be remembered, though, that Tongzhì does
          carry a distinct political implication. Visitors in the
          People’s Republic, who are not citizens and who do not take
          part in efforts to realize Communist ideals, will not be
          addressed as Tongzhì and should not feel obliged to address
          anyone else as such.
        </para>
        <para>
          Y8 is an adverb meaning &quot;also&quot; or &quot;too.&quot;
          It always comes before the verb.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. A: Tā shi Yingguo rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yingguo rén.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A: Tā àiren ne?
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Is he English?
        </para>
        <para>
          No, he is not English.
        </para>
        <para>
          And his wife?
        </para>
        <para>
          She isn't English either
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 3
        </para>
        <para>
          Àiren, which originally meant &quot;loved one,&quot;
          &quot;sweetheart,&quot; or &quot;lover,&quot; is used in the
          PRC for either &quot;husband&quot; or &quot;wife,” i.e., for
          &quot;spouse.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          The possessive phrase tā àiren. &quot;his wife&quot; (or
          &quot;her husband&quot;), is formed by putting the words for
          &quot;he&quot; (or &quot;she&quot;) and &quot;spouse&quot;
          together. The marker -de (which you have seen in n&amp;rde
          rén) is not needed when the possessive relationship is felt to
          be very close. (See also the notes on No. 5.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Y6 in a negative sentence is usually translated as
          &quot;either.&quot; In this case, bù comes between y8 and the
          verb. Possible English translations for y8, in both
          affirmative and negative sentences, are
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā yě shi Yingguo rén.                  She is English too.
        </para>
        <para>
          She is also English.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.              She is not English
          either.
        </para>
        <para>
          She is also not English.
        </para>
        <para>
          U. A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? B: Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          May I ask, where is Qingdao? Qingdao is in Shāndōng.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Note on No. U
        </para>
        <para>
          Zài is the verb &quot;to be in/at/on,&quot; that is, &quot;to
          be somewhere.&quot; Zài involves location, while shi involves
          identity, &quot;to be someone/something.&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          identity
        </para>
        <para>
          WS
        </para>
        <para>
          (I
        </para>
        <para>
          shi am
        </para>
        <para>
          MSiguo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          an American.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          location
        </para>
        <para>
          WS
        </para>
        <para>
          (I
        </para>
        <para>
          zài am in
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhōngguo.
        </para>
        <para>
          China.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          5. A: Qingwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B: WS lǎojiā zài Āndàluè.
        </para>
        <para>
          C: Wǒ lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          May I ask, where is your family from?
        </para>
        <para>
          My family is from Ontario.
        </para>
        <para>
          My family is from Shāndōng.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Notes on No. 5
        </para>
        <para>
          Literally, lǎojiā is &quot;old home&quot; (&quot;original
          home,&quot; &quot;ancestral home,&quot; &quot;native
          place&quot;), that is, the place you and your family are from.
          When a Chinese asks you about your lǎojiā, he probably wants
          to know about your hometown, the place where you grew up. When
          you ask a Chinese about his lǎojiā, however, he will tell you
          where his family came from originally. A Chinese whose
          grandparents came from the province of Guangdong will give
          that as his lǎojiā, even if he and his parents have spent all
          of their lives in Sichuan.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī lǎojiā zài nǎr? (literally &quot;Where is your original
          home?&quot;) asks for
        </para>
        <para>
          the LOCATION of the town you come from.  The question is
          answered with zài
        </para>
        <para>
          plus the name of the province (or state) that the town is
          located in:  W5
        </para>
        <para>
          lǎojiā zài Dézhōu (Āndàluè, Shāndōng). Nī lǎojiā shi nǎr?
          (translated into English as &quot;What is your original
          home?&quot;) asks about the IDENTITY of the town you come
          from. That question is answered with shi plus the name of the
          town (or city): WS lǎojiā shi Jiùjlnshān (Qīngdǎo, Shànghǎi).
          Compare:
        </para>
        <para>
          Wǒ lǎojiā zài Guǎngdōng.               My original home is in
          Guǎngdōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          WS lǎojiā shi Guǎngzhōu.              My original home is
          Guangzhou.
        </para>
        <para>
          The possessive nl lǎojiā, like tā àiren, does not require a
          possessive marker. However, if more than one word must be used
          to indicate the possessor, -de is often inserted after the
          last word: nl àirende lǎojiā, &quot;your spouse’s original
          home&quot; or &quot;where your spouse’s family comes from.”
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. A: Chen Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?
            </para>
            <para>
              Where is Comrade Chen Shìmín? He’s there.
            </para>
            <para>
              Where is Qīngdǎo?
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s here.
            </para>
            <para>
              Where is your wife now? tyy wife is in Canada now.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Tā zài nàr.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B: Zài zhèr.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          B WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.
        </para>
        <para>
          Notes on Nos. 6-8
        </para>
        <para>
          You have learned three words for asking and telling about
          locations.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    nǎr?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (where?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    nàr (nèr)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (there)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    zhèr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (here)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Notice that the question word nǎr is in the Low tone, while
          the answer words nàr and zhèr are both in the Falling tone.
          Also notice that the vowel sound in zhèr is different from
          that in nǎr and nàr. (Some speakers prefer nèr to nàr.)
        </para>
        <para>
          When you are talking about movable things and people that you
          presume are not nearby (&quot;nearby&quot; being approximately
          within pointing range), you usually ask where they are NOW.
          The &quot;present time&quot; word may be omitted if the time
          has been established earlier in the conversation.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?             Where is your wife now?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā zài Béijīng.                        She's in Béijīng (now).
        </para>
        <para>
          If you ask about someone or something you presume to be nearby
          (a pair of scissors in a drawer, for instance, or a person in
          a group across the room), you do not use xiànzài.
        </para>
        <para>
          In English, the words &quot;here&quot; and &quot;there&quot;
          are used to refer to locations of any size. In Chinese,
          however, zhèr and nàr are usually not used for cities,
          provinces, and countries (with the exception that you may use
          zhěr to refer to the city you are in). Instead, you repeat the
          name of the place. Compare these two exchanges in Beijing:
        </para>
        <para>
          COUNTRY: MSdlng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Zhōngguo ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguo. (He’s here now.)
        </para>
        <para>
          CITY:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          MSdlng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Shànghǎi ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú zài ShànghSi; tā zài zhěr. (He’s not there; he’s here.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiānádà. &quot;Canada&quot;: Although the middle syllable of
          this word is marked with the Rising tone, at a normal rate of
          speech you will probably hear Jiànādà.
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="drills-7">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark179" /><anchor id="bookmark268" />DRILLS</title>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              A. Response Drill
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Respond to the question &quot;Where is he/she from?&quot;
          according to the cue.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Tā shi nārde rén?            You: Tā shi Hunan
              rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (cue) Hunan                      (He/she is from Hunan.)
        </para>
        <para>
          (Where is he/she from?)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    p •
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén?    Shāndōng
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Where is he/she from?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He/she is from Shāndōng.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā sbi nārde rén?    Héběi
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Where is he/she from?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Hébāi rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He/she is from Hebei.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    U.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén? Jiāngsū (Where is he/she from?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He/she is from Jiāngsū.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén? Guǎngdōng (Where is he/she from?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Guǎngdōng rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He/she is from Guǎngdōng.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén? Hūbǎi (Where is he/she from?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Hūbāi rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He/she is from Hubei.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi nārde rén? Sìchuān (Where is he/she from?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tā shi Sìchuān rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He/she is from Sìchuān.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              B. Transformation Drill
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Ask the appropriate &quot;where&quot; question
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Zhāng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade Zhang’s wife is from Beijing.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Huáng Tongzhì Fūren shi Shanghai rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Wáng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Nánjíng rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. Lī Tóngzhì Fūren shi Guāngzhōu rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Zhào Tóngzhì Fūren shi Xiānggāng rén.
            </para>
            <para>
              as in the example.
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Qīngwèn, Zhāng Fūren shi nārde rén?
            </para>
            <para>
              (May I ask, where is Mrs. Zhāng from?)
            </para>
            <para>
              Qīngwèn, Huáng Fūren shi nārde rén?
            </para>
            <para>
              Qīngwèn, Wáng Fūren shi nārde rén?
            </para>
            <para>
              Qīngwèn, Lī Fūren shi narde rén?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Qīngwèn, Zhào Fūren shi nārde rén?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Máo Tongzhì Fūren shi Qingdao         Qìngwèn, Máo
              Fūren shi narde rén?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          rén.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Chén Tōngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng        Qīngwèn, Chén
              Fūren shi narde
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          rén.                                    rén?
        </para>
        <para>
          C. Transformation Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          Change affirmative statements to negative statements.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Tā shi Héběi rén. (He/she is from
                        Hebei.)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Tā shi Jiangsū rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. Tā shi Fújiàn rén.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. Tā shi Húnán rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. Tā shi Sìchuān rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    D. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Add yě to the statements.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Tā shi HébSi rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (He/she is from Hebei.)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Tā shi ZhèJiāng rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. Tā shi Húnán rén.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. Tā shi Shāndōng rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. Tā shi Hénán rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    You: Tā bú shi Héběi rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He/she isn’t from Héběi.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Shāndōng rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Jiāngsū rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Fújiàn rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Zhèjiāng rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Húnán rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā bú shi Sìchuān rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: Tā yě shi Héběi rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (He/she is from Héběi too.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā yě shi Zhèjiāng rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā yě shi Fújiàn rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā yě shi Húnán rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā yě shi Jiāngsū rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā yě shi Shāndōng rén.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā yě shi Hénán rén.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          E. Transformation Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          Add yě to the statements.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Zhào Xiānsheng bú shi' Taiwan rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Mr. Zhào isn’t from Taiwan.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Li Xiānsheng bú shi Táiběi rén. (Mr. Li isn’t from
              Taiběi.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Wang Xiānsheng bú shi Táizhōng rér..
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Mr Wáng isn’t from Taizhōng.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          U. Huang Xiānsheng bú shi Tainan rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Liú Xiānsheng bú shi Táidōng rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Hú Xiānsheng bú shi Jīlōng rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from
              Jīlong.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Chén Xiānsheng bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You: Zhào Xiānsheng yě bú shi Taiwan rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Mr. Zhào isn’t from Taiwan either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Li Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táiběi rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Mr. Lī isn’t from Taiběi either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Wáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táizhōng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Mr. Wáng isn’t from Táizhōng either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Huáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táinán rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Liú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táidōng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Hú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Jīlong rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from Jīlong
          either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Chén Xiānsheng yě bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong either.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          F. Response Drill
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Mǎ Tongzhì shi Běijīng rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Is Comrade Mǎ from Běijīng?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          (And his/her spouse?)
        </para>
        <para>
          You: Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn’t from Běijīng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn’t from Běijīng either.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Zhāng Tongzhì shi Shànghǎi rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (is Comrade Zhāng from Shànghǎi?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          (And his/her spouse?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Jiāng Tóngzhì shi Nánjīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Jiāng
              from Nanjing?)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Tā àiren ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          (And his/her spouse?)
        </para>
        <para>
          U. Chén Tóngzhì shi Guāngzhōu rén ma?
        </para>
        <para>
          (Is Comrade Chén from Guāngzhōu?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          (And his/her spouse?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Sūn Tóngzhì bú shi Chéngdū rén ma?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Is Comrade Sūn from Chéngdū?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          (And his/her spouse?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Máo Tóngzhì shi Qingdǎo rén ma? (Is Comrade Mio from
              Qīngdǎo?)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Tā àiren ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          (And his/her spouse?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Yang Tóngzhì shi Běijīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Yáng from
              Běijīng?)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Tā àiren ne?
        </para>
        <para>
          (And his/her spouse?)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Shànghǎi rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn’t from Shànghǎi.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren yě bú shi Shànghǎi rén. (He/she isn’t from Shànghǎi
          either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Nánjīng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn’t from Nánjīng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren yě bú shi Nánjīng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn’t from Nánjīng either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā yě bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Chéngdū rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn't from Chéngdū.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren yě bú shi Chéngdū rén. (He/she isn’t from Chéngdū
          either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Qīngdǎo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn't from Qīngdǎo.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren yě bú shi Qīngdǎo rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (His/her spouse isn’t from
        </para>
        <para>
          Qingdao either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (He/she isn't from Běijīng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.
        </para>
        <para>
          (His/her spouse isn't from
        </para>
        <para>
          Běijīng either.)
        </para>
        <para>
          G. Response Drill
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Speaker: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? (cue) Shāndōng
        </para>
        <para>
          (May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)
        </para>
        <para>
          You: Qīngdǎo zài Shandong.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Qingdao is in Shāndōng.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          2. Qingwèn, Nánjīng zài nàr?
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāngsū
        </para>
        <para>
          (May I ask, where is Nánjīng?)
        </para>
        <para>
          3. Qingwèn, Guangzhou zài nǎr? Guangdong
        </para>
        <para>
          (May I ask, where is Guǎngzhōu?)
        </para>
        <para>
          U. Qingwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?
        </para>
        <para>
          Jiāngsū
        </para>
        <para>
          (May I ask, where is Shànghǎi?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. Qīngwèn, Béijīng zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Hebei
        </para>
        <para>
          (May I ask, where is Béijīng?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? Shāndōng
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. Qīngwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Jiāngsū
        </para>
        <para>
          (May I ask, where is Shanghai?)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Nánjīng zài Jiāngsū.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Nánjīng is in Jiāngsū.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Guǎngzhōu zài Guǎngdōng.) (Guǎngzhōu is in Guǎngdōng.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Shànghǎi is in
          Jiāngsū.)<anchor id="footnote9" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark269">9</link></superscript>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Béijīng zài Hébéi.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Béijīng is in Hébéi.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. Li Tongzhì shi Sìchuān rén.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Comrade Lì is from Sìchuān.)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. Zhōu Tongzhì shi Zhèjiāng rén. (Comrade Zhōu
                        is from Zhejiang.)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. Mao Tōngzhì shi Hunán rén. (Comrade Mao is
                        from Hunán.)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    I. Response Drill
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Tā àiren zài nǎr? (cue) Měiguo
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Where is his/her spouse?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Tā àiren zài nār? Jiānádà (Where is his/her
                        spouse?)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Yingguo
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Where is his/her spouse?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    h. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Déguō
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Where is his/her spouse?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Měiguo
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Where is his/her spouse?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Fàguō (Where is his/her
                        spouse?)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. Tā àiren zài nǎr?    Eguo
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (Where is his/her spouse?)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Li Tōngzhìde lǎojiā zài Sìchuān.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Comrade Li’s family is from Sìchuān.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Zhōu Tōngzhìde lǎojiā zài Zhèjiāng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Comrade Zhou's family is from Zhèjiāng.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Máo Tongzhìde lǎojiā zài Húnán.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Comrade Mao's family is from Hunán.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    You: Tā àiren xiànzài zài Měiguo. (His/her spouse is
                    in
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    America now.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà. (His/her spouse is in
                    Canada now.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā àiren xiànzài zài Yingguo.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (His/her spouse is in England now.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā àiren xiànzài zài Déguō. (His/her spouse is in
                    Germany now.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguō. (His/her spouse is in
                    America now.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguō. (His/her spouse is in
                    France now.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tā àiren xiànzài zài Èguó. (His/her spouse is in
                    Russia now.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          CRITERION TEST SAMPLE
        </para>
        <para>
          The purpose of the Criterion Test at the end of each module is
          to show you not only how much of the material you have
          learned, hut also what points you need to work on before
          beginning to study smother module.
        </para>
        <para>
          Since the primary goal of ORN is to introduce the sound system
          of Standard Chinese, this test focuses on your ability to
          discriminate and produce tones, vowels, and consonants.
          Additionally, there are sections which test your ability to
          comprehend and produce numbers from 1 through 99 and the
          material in the ORN Target Lists. Your knowledge of personal
          names and titles and the romanization system is also tested.
          Read the Objectives at the beginning of the module for a
          description of exactly what the test covers. Note: Although
          the entire sound system is introduced in the Pronunciation and
          Romanization Module, you will be tested here only on those
          sounds which occur in the Target Sentences. Other sounds will
          be included in Criterion Tests for later modules.
        </para>
        <para>
          Following is a sample of the Criterion Test for this module.
          Each section of the test, with directions and a sample
          question, is represented here so that you may know exactly
          what is expected of you after studying the ORN Module.
        </para>
        <para>
          Minimum scores are suggested for each section of the test.
          Achieving thesescores means that you are adequately prepared
          for the next module. If you fall below the minimum criterion
          on any section, you should review relevant study materials.
        </para>
        <para>
          You will use a tape to complete Part I of the test. Part II is
          written, and you will complete Part III with your instructor.
          Part IV of the test (Diagnostics) indicates the passing score
          for each section and review materials for each section.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              H. Transformation Drill
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Lin Tóngzhì shi Hūbéi rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade LÍn is from Hubei. )
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. Wáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade Wang is from Shānxī.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. Huáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade Huáng is from Shanxī.)
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              U. Gāo Tóngzhì shi Fūjiàn rén.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Comrade Gāo is from Fūjiàn.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You: LÍn Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Hūbéi.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Comrade Lin's family is from Hubei.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Wáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Comrade Wang’s family is from Shānxī.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Huáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī (Comrade Huang’s family is
          from Shānxī.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Gāo Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Fūjiàn.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Comrade Gao’s family is from Fūjiàn.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Part I
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              1. This section tests your ability to distinguish the four
              tones. In your test booklet you will see two syllables
              after each letter. The speaker will pronounce both
              syllables, and then say one of them again. You are to
              decide which syllable was repeated, and circle the
              appropriate one to indicate your choice. The syllables may
              occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone
              was used previously in the module. The same syllable may
              occur more than once in this section.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say. fēi...fSi and then repeat
          fēi.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. This section tests your ability to recognize the four
              tones in isolated syllables. The speaker will pronounce a
              syllable twice; you add to the written syllable the tone
              that you hear. Again, the syllables may occur in any of
              the four tones, regardless of which tone was used
              previously in the module.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say: fěi...fSi
        </para>
        <para>
          a.
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. This section tests your ability to recognize the four
              tones in two-syllable combinations. The speaker pronounces
              each two-syllable item twice and then pauses a moment for
              you to mark tones on the written syllables. For the first
              ten items, one of the two tones is already marked. For the
              last ten items, you must fill in both tones.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say: chábei...chábei
        </para>
        <para>
          chabei
        </para>
        <para>
          U. In this section, you are tested on syllables which differ
          minimally in sound. The speaker will pronounce each syllable
          in an item once; then he will pronounce one of the syllables
          again. Decide which of the syllables was repeated, and
          indicate your choice by circling that written syllable in your
          test booklet. The syllables in this test do not necessarily
          correspond in every way to syllables in the Target Lists. They
          may vary in tone, for example.
        </para>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say: fan...fang and then repeat
          fang.
        </para>
        <para>
          a. fan
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          fang
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. In this section, you complete the romanization for the
              syllables that you hear. As the speaker says a syllable,
              write the appropriate vowel or consonant letter(s) in the
              blank. This tests your ability to recognize the sounds of
              a syllable and to use the romanization system correctly.
              The speaker will say each syllable twice.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, the speaker might say: pang...pang; then you
          would write
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-28.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. This section tests your ability to understand the
              numbers 1 through 99 in Chinese. For each item, the
              speaker will say a number, and you write down the numerals
              for that number.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, you might hear: shí-sān
        </para>
        <para>
          a- ____
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. This section tests your ability to understand questions
              and answers about where someone is from and where he is
              now. Listen to a conversation between Mr. Johnson and
              Comrade Zhào, who have Just met. You will hear the
              conversation three times. The third time you hear it, a
              pause will follow each line. You may use these pauses to
              fill in the boxes in your booklet with appropriate
              information. (You do not have to wait for the second
              repetition of the conversation to. fill in the answers, of
              course.)
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example: CYou will hear a conversation similar to
          conversations you heard on the C-2 tapes in this module.!
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Home State or Province
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Present Location
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comrade Zhào
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mr. Johnson (Yuēhànsūn)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comrade Zhao’s husband
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mrs. Johnson
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. This section tests your ability to comprehend Chinese
              utterances by asking you for the English equivalents. For
              each item, the speaker will say a sentence from the Target
              List twice. You indicate your understanding of the
              sentence by circling the letter of the English sentence
              which most closely matches the meaning of the Chinese
              sentence.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, you might hear: Nī shi shéi?...Nī shi shéi?
        </para>
        <para>
          1. a. Who is she?
        </para>
        <para>
          b. Who is he?
        </para>
        <para>
          *cN Who are you?
        </para>
        <para>
          Part II
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. This section tests your general understanding of the
              Chinese system of personal names and titles. Read the
              family histories in your test booklet, and answer the
              questions.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example,
        </para>
        <para>
          Yang TÍngfèng is the Chinese name used by an American, Timothy
          Young, now that he is living in Taipei. His Chinese surname
          is:
        </para>
        <para>
          1. (a} Yang b. Tíngfēng c. Yang Tíngfēng
        </para>
        <para>
          Part III
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. This section tests your ability to pronounce the four
              tones. Simple sound combinations have been chosen so that
              special attention may be given to tone production. For
              each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you
              do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The
              instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to
              choose a fair sampling of all four tones, and select them
              in random order.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, you might say: ma
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              11. This section tests your ability to pronounce Chinese
              sounds from the Target Lists, as well as your ability to
              read romanization. For each item, choose one syllable and
              read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one
              you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he
              hears. Be sure to choose syllables from each column as you
              go through this section of the test.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          For example, you might say: nín
        </para>
        <para>
          a. (nín
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              12. This section tests your ability to locate and name
              main cities and provinces in China. Using the map in your
              booklet, point out to your instructor five cities and five
              provinces and name them. Pronunciation is of secondary
              importance here.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              13- This section tests your ability to produce sentences
              in Chinese. Your instructor will say an English sentence
              from the Target Lists, and you translate it into Chinese.
              Your Chinese sentence must be correct both in grammar and
              in content.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          1U. This section tests your ability to make conversational use
          of the material covered in this module. Although limited in
          scope, this conversation between you and your instructor
          represents a situation which you are likely to encounter in
          the real world. As in any conversation, you are free to ask
          for a repetition or rephrasing of a sentence, or you may
          volunteer information on the subject. It is not so much the
          correctness of your pronunciation and grammar that is being
          tested as it is your ability to communicate effectively.
        </para>
        <para>
          CD o
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-29.png" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          APPENDIX I: MAP OF CHINA
        </para>
<literallayout>
<inlinemediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-30.png" />
</imageobject>
</inlinemediaobject></literallayout>
        <para>
          APPENDIX III: COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Afghanistan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āfùhàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Germany, West
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xldé
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Albania
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āěrbāníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ghana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiānà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Algeria
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āǎrjílìyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gibraltar
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhíbùluótuó
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Andorra
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Andàoěr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Great Britain
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dà Búlièdiān
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Angola
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ān'gēlā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Greece
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xīlà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Argentina
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Agenting
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Greenland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gélínglán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Australia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Aodàlīyà^
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Grenada
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gélínnàdá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Austria
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Aodìlì (Aoguó)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guam
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guándǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bahama Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BāhāmS Qúndǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guatemala
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guādìmǎlā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bahrain
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bālín(guá)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guinea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jīnèiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bangladesh
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mèngjiālā(guó)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guinea-Bissau
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jīnèiyà Bīshào
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Barbados
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bābāduōsī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guyana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guīyànà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Belgium
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bīlìshí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Haiti
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hǎidì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Belize
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bólìzī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Honduras
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hóngdūlǎsī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Benin
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bèiníng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hungary.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiōngyálì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bermuda
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bǎimùdá
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Iceland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bíngdǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bhutan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bùdān
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    India
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yìndù
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bolivia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bōlìwéiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Indonesia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ylnní (Yìndùníxīyà)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Botswana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bocíwǎnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Iran
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīlǎng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Brazil
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bāxí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Iraq
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīlākè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Britain
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yingguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ireland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Àiérlán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bulgaria
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bǎojiālìyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Israel
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīsèliè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Burma
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Miǎndiàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Italy
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīdàlì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Burundi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bùlóngdí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ivory Coast
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiàngyá Hǎiàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cabinda
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kǎbēndá
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jamaica
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yámǎijiā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cameroun
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kāmàiláng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Japan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rfbǎn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Canada
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiānádà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Java
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhǎowā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cape Verde Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fódé Jiao
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jordan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yuēdàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Central Africa
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhōngfēi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kampuchea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiǎnbǔzhài
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chad
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhàdé
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kenya
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kǎnníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chile
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhìlì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Korea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chaoxian (Bèijīng),
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    China
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhōngguo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hánguó (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Colombia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gělúnbīyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kuwait
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kēwēitè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Comoro Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kēmóluó Qúndǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Laos
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lǎowō (Bǎijīng),
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Congo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gāngguǒ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Liáoguo (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Costa Rica
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gēsīdálíjiā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Latvia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lātuōwéiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cuba
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gubā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lebanon
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Líbánèn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cyprus
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sàipǔlùsí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lesotho
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Láisuǒtuō
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Czechoslovakia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiékè (Jiékèsīluáfákè)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Liberia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lìbīlīyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Democratic Yemen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mínzhǔ Yemen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Libya
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lìbīyá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Denmark
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dānmài
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Liechtenstein
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lièzhīdūnshìdēng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Djibouti
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jibuti
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lithuania
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lìtáowǎn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dominican Republic
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Duōmīníjiā (Gòngheguú)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Luxemburg
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lúsēnbǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    East Timor
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dong Dtwén
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Madagascar
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎdájiǎsljiā,
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ecuador
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Eguāduōěr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎěrjiāshí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Egypt
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āijí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Malawi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎlāwéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    El Salvador
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sàǎrwǎduō
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Malays}a
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎláixīyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    England
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīngguá
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Maldi’^e Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MǎSrdàirū
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Equatorial Guinea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chìdào Jīnèiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mali
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mali
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Estonia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Aishāníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Malta
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎěrtā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ethiopia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āisàiébīyà (Beijing),
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mauritania
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Máolītǎníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīsuǒbíyà (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mauritius
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Máollqiúsí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fiji
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fěijì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mexico
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mòxīgē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Finland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fēnlán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Monaco
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mónàgē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    France
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fǎguo, Fàguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mongolia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Měnggǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    French Polynesia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fǎshǔ Bōlìníxlyè
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Morocco
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Móluògē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gabon
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiāpéng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mozambique
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mòsāngbīkè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gambia, The
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gāngbīyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Namibia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nàmībǐyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Germany
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Déguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nauru
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nǎolǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Germany, East
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dōngdé
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nepal
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Níbóěr
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Netherlands
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hélán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    United States
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Měiguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Netherlands Antilles
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āndīlièsī Qúnd&amp;o
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Upper Volta
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shèng Wděrtā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New Zealand
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xīn Xīlán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Uruguay
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wūlāguī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nicaragua
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Níjiālāguā
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Venezuela
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wěinèiruìlā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Niger
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nírìér
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Vietnam
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yuènán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nigeria
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nírilìyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Virgin Is.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Weiěrjīng QúndSo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Norway
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nuówēi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wales
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wēiěrsī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Okinawa
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chōngshéng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Western Sahara
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XI Sāhālā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Oman
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Àmàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Western Samoa
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xi Sèmóyā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Pakistan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BājīsītSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    White Russia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bài Ěluósī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Palestine
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BālēsitSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yemen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yémén
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Panama
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BānámS
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yugoslavia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nánsīlǎfū
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Papua New Guinea
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bābùyà Xīn Jīnèiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zaire
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhāyīSr
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Paraguay
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bāliguī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zambia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zànbiyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Peru Philippines Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion
                    Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda San Marino SSo Tomé
                    and Príncipe Saudi Arabia
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Scotland Senegal Seychelles Xs. Siberia Sierra Leone
                    Sikkim Singapore Solomon Is. Somalia South Africa
                    Soviet Russia Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sudan
                    Surinam Swaziland
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sweden Switzerland Syria Tanzania Thailand Togo
                    Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda
                    Ukraine
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    United Arab Itairates
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    United Kingdom
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mìlǔ
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Fēilùbīn
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Pútáoyá Bōduōlígè KStSSr Liúníwāng(dSo) Luódéxīyà
                    LuómXníyà Éguó, Eguó Lúwàngdá Shèng MSlìnud Shèng
                    Duōméi hé
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Pǔlínxībí
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Shātè Ālàbó (Běijīng), Shāwūdí Álābó (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sūgélán
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sàinèijiāěr
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sàishéěr Qúndāo Xībóliyà
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sàilā Liang XI jin Xinjiāpō Suóluómén QúndSo SuěmSlī
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nánfēi
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sūè (Taiwan) Sūlién Xibinyé SīlīlánkS
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sudan
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sūlinán
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Sīwèishìlán (Běijīng), Shīw&amp;jilán (Taiwan)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    RuìdiSn Ruìshi Xùlìyà T&amp;nsāngníyà Tàiguó Duōgē
                    Tāngj iā
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tèlìnídá he Duōbāgē Túnísī
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Tǔěrqí Wūgāndá Wūkèlán Alābó Liànhé
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    QiúzhSngguó Liànhé Wàngguó
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zimbabwe
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jīnbābùwéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          APPENDIX IV: AMERICAN STATES
        </para>
        <para>
          All the names of átates may be followed by the word zhōu
          &quot;state,” for example, Ālābāmā zhōu.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Alabama
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Alabama
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Alaska
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ālāsljlā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Arizona
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yàlìsāngnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Arkansas
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ākēnsè, Akānsàsí
                    <anchor id="footnote10" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark270">10</link></superscript>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    California
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiāzhōu, Jiālìfóníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Colorado
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kēluólāduō
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Connecticut
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kāngnièdígé, Kāngnāidígé
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Delaware
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tèlāhuá, Délāwēi(Sr)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Florida
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fóluólídà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Georgia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Qiáozhìyà, Zuōzhìyā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hawaii
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiàwēiyí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Idaho
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Àidáhé
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Illinois
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīlìnuō(sī)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Indiana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yìndìānnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Iowa
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīāhuá, Àiāhuá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kansas
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kansas!
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kentucky
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    KSnt&amp;jī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Louisiana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lùytsīānnà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Maine
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Miānyln
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Maryland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mǎlílán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Massachusetts
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MSsāzhūsài, MSshēng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Michigan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mìxígēn, Mìxiěgēn, Mìzhíān
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Minnesota
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Míngnísūdā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mississippi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Míxíxíbl
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Missouri
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mìsūlī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Montana
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méngdànà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nebraska
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nèibùlāsījiā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nevada
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nèihuádá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New Hampshire
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xín HānbushíSr, Xín HSnbùxià
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New Jersey
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xín Zéxí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New Mexico
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xín Mdxīgē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    New York
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Niǔyuē
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    North Carolina
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BSi KSluōláinā, Bèi Kāluōlínnā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    North Dakota
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bēi Dákētā, Bēi Dákēdá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ohio
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Éhàié
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Oklahoma
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èkèlāhémǎ, Àkèlāhémā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Oregon
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èlègāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Pennsylvania
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bīnzhōu, Bínxīfāníyà, Bínxīfánníyā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rhode Island
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Luōdé Dāo, Luōdéāilán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    South Carolina
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nán Kǎluoláinà, Nán Kāluōlínnā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    South Dakota
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nan Dákētā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tennessee
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tiánnāx!
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Texas
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dézhōu, Dékèsèsī
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Utah
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yōutā, Yōuta
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Vermont
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wēiméngtè, Fóméngtè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Virginia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wéijíníyā, Fōjíníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Washington
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huáshèngdùn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    West Virginia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XI Fójíníyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wisconsin
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wēislkāngxín(g)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wyoming
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huáiémíng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          APPENDIX V: CANADIAN PROVINCES
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Alberta
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yábódá
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    British Columbia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yīngshtt Gēlúribīyà
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Manitoba
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mànnítuōbā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nev Brunswick
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xīn Bùlúnzīvéikè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Newfoundland
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Niǔfēnl&amp;ndlo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Northwest Territories
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XíbèilíngdI
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nova Scotia
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xīn Sīkèshè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ontario
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Āndàluè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Prince Edvard Island
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ÀidéhuádXo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Quebec
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kuíběikè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Saskatchewan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sákèqíwàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yukon
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yùkōng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          APPENDIX VI: COMMON CHINESE NAMES
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Surnames
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huáng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhōu
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wáng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jiāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    JiSng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    II
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gāo
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhào
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    LÍn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Máo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sūn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Táng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sōng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MS
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Given Names (male)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dili
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yōngpíng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mínglī
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zìqiáng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dànián
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jié
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shìmín
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhīyuSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huá
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guōquán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dáxián
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Liú Chén Yang SīmS Ouyáng Hú Wú Liáng
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Shàowén Shìylng Tíngfēng
        </para>
        <para>
          Cheng Zhènhàn
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Given Names (female)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Juān
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huìvén
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lìróng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dáfēn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    W&amp;nrú
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lù
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MSilíng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BSolán
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiùfàng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yùzhēn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    QiSoyún
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    MSilì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Mlnzhēn Hutran Bīngyíng Qīng Zlyàn
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Pinyin Spelling
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Ānbui Fújiàn Gānsù Guāngdōng Guāngxi Guizhou Héběi
                    Heilongjiang Hénán
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Húbéi Húnán Jiāngsū Jiangxi
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Jílín Liáoníng Nèiměnggǔ Níngxià Qingh&amp;i
                    Shāndōng Shānxi Shānxi Sìchuān
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Taiwan Xīnjiāng Xizàng Yúnnán Zhèjiāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Map Spelling
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Anhwei Fukien Kansu Kwangtung Kwangsi Kweichou
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Hopeh Heilungkiang Honan Hupeh Hunan Kiangsu Kiangsi
                    Kirin Liaoning
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Inner Mongolia Ningsia Tsinghai Shantung Shansi
                    Shensi Szechuan Taiwan Sinkiang Tibet Yunnan
                    Chekiang
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Pinyin Spelling
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BSiJīng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Peking
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Changsha
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ch'ang-sha
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chéngdū
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ch’eng-tu
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Dàténg
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ta-t’ung
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gāoxióng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kao-hsiung
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    GuSngzhōu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Canton
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hangzhou
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hang-chou
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    HànkSu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    .Han-k’ou
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huáinán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Huai-nan
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Jīlóng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Chi-lung
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Kāifēng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    K’ai-feng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nánchāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nan-ch*ang
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nánjīng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Nanking
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    QīngdSo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tsingtao
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShànghXi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shanghai
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Táibéi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Taipei
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Táidōng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    T*ai-tung
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tainan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    T’ai-nan
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Táizhōng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    T’ai-chung
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tiānjīn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tientsin
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǔchāng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wu-ch’ang
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wǔhàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wu-han
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xiān
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sian
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Map Spelling
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          88
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote1">1</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark84" />
        </para>
        <para>
          As used in this course, the words &quot;he,&quot;
          &quot;him,&quot; and &quot;his&quot; are intended to include
          both masculine and feminine genders. (Translations of foreign
          language material not included.)
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote2">2</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark95" />
        </para>
        <para>
          The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of
          romanization. The second, parenthesized version is the
          conventional, or anglicized, spelling.
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote3">3</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark141" />
        </para>
        <para>
          Qīngwèn is NOT the word used for saying &quot;excuse me&quot;
          when you step on someone’s foot. For that, you say duìbuqī.
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote4">4</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark143" />
        </para>
        <para>
          Although Shànghǎi is physically located in Jiāngsū Province,
          it is a separate political entity. (The cities of Beijing and
          Tiānjīn are also separate entities.)
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote5">5</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark148" />
        </para>
        <para>
          The alternative forms given in this list are not exhaustive,
          but are meant to give an idea of the range of
          transliterations.
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote6">6</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark230" />
        </para>
        <para>
          As used in this course, the words &quot;he,&quot;
          &quot;him,&quot; and &quot;his&quot; are intended to include
          both masculine and feminine genders. (Translations of foreign
          language material not included.)
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote7">7</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark241" />
        </para>
        <para>
          The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of
          romanization. The second, parenthesized version is the
          conventional, or anglicized, spelling.
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote8">8</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark267" />
        </para>
        <para>
          Qīngwèn is NOT the word used for saying &quot;excuse me&quot;
          when you step on someone’s foot. For that, you say duìbuqī.
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote9">9</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark269" />
        </para>
        <para>
          Although Shànghǎi is physically located in Jiāngsū Province,
          it is a separate political entity. (The cities of Běijīng and
          Tiānjīn are also separate entities.)
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript><link linkend="footnote10">10</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark270" />
        </para>
        <para>
          The alternative forms given in this list are not exhaustive,
          but are meant to give an idea of the range of
          transliterations.
        </para>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>
</article>