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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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+<?oxygen RNGSchema="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="xml"?>
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+<book version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" xmlns:ns5="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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+ xmlns:ns4="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:ns3="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
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+ xmlns:ns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xml:lang="en">
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+ <info>
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+ <title>Russian verbs of motion:</title>
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+ <subtitle>An Introduction to determinate and Indeterminate verbs.</subtitle>
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+ <author>
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+ <orgname>Hubert Setzler</orgname>
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+ </author>
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+ <orgname>U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
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+ EDUCATION</orgname>
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+ <annotation>
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+ <para>THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION
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+ ORIGIN ATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE . SENT OFFICIAL
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+ NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY</para>
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+ </annotation>
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+ <abstract>
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+ <para>This programed textbook introduces Russian imperfective verbs of motion. The text
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+ explains the verbs and includes questions in the text with blanks for the student to fill
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+ in. The answers are found on the following pages. The book is devoted primarily to five
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+ major Russian verbs of motion (those of locomotion and conveyance) in their determinate and
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+ indeterminate forms, with one section on some other pairs of indeterminate-determinate verbs
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+ of motion. A final test, for which answers are available, completes the course. An appendix
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+ of verb definitions and a short bibliography are included. (CHK)<note>
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+ <para>This course was formatted by Eric Streit (eric@yojik.eu) using the docbook format
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+ from the pdf scanned documents found on:</para>
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+ <para>http://sites.google.com/site/soyouwanttolearnalanguage/languagee-books .</para>
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+ <para>The Russian part was checked by Gulnara Streit (my wife). You can find the pdf, epub
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+ versions on http://www.yojik.eu/ .</para>
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+ <para>Version: 4 July 2011</para>
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+ </note></para>
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+ </abstract>
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+ </info>
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+ <preface>
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+ <title>Conjugation patterns of the verbs of locomotion and conveyance</title>
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+ <table frame="all" pgwide="1">
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+ <title><anchor xml:id="Card"/>Indeterminate imperfective </title>
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+ <tgroup cols="8">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="0.5*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c7" colnum="8" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <thead>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
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+ <entry align="center" nameend="c3" namest="c2">to ride</entry>
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+ <entry align="center">to go on foot, to walk</entry>
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+ <entry align="center">to carry</entry>
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+ <entry align="center">to carry by vehicle</entry>
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+ <entry align="center">to lead, to conduct</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
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+ <para>Infinitive</para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́здить</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́ть</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́ть</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́ть</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́ть</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry morerows="5" valign="middle" namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
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+ <para>Present</para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я е́зжу</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хожу́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ношу́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вожу́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вожу́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ты е́здишь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дишь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сишь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зишь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дишь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">он е́здит</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дит</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сит</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зит</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дит</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы
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+ е́здим</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дим</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сим</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зим</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дим</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы е́здите</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дите</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сите</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зите</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дите</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они е́здят</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дят</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сят</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зят</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дят</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">
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+ <para>Past</para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">M.</emphasis></entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́здил</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́л</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́л</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́л</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́л</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">F.</emphasis></entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́здила</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́ла</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́ла</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́ла</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́ла</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">N.</emphasis></entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
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+ >е́здило</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">PL.</emphasis></entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́здили</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́ли</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́ли</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́ли</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́ли</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
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+ <para>Imperative</para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́зди, -те</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </table>
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+ <table frame="all" pgwide="1">
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+ <title>Determinate imperfective</title>
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+ <tgroup align="left" cols="8">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2"/>
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+ <colspec align="left" colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="0.5*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="0.5*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c7" colnum="8" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <thead>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
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+ <entry align="center" nameend="c3" namest="c2">to ride</entry>
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+ <entry align="center">to go on foot, to walk</entry>
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+ <entry align="center">to carry</entry>
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+ <entry align="center">to carry by vehicle</entry>
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+ <entry align="center">to lead, to conduct</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
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+ <para>Infinitive</para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́хать</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нести́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везти́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вести́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry morerows="5" valign="middle" namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
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+ <para>Present </para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я е́ду</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иду́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несу́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везу́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веду́</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ты е́дешь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёшь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёшь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везёшь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ <entry>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведёшь</foreignphrase></para>
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+ </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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|
|
+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">он е́дет</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёт</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везёт</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведёт</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы е́дем</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идём</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несём</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везём</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведём</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы е́дете</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёте</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёте</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везёте</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведёте</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они е́дут</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иду́т</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несу́т</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везу́т</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веду́т</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">
|
|
|
+ <para>Past</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">M.</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="left" nameend="c3" namest="c2">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ех́ал</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шёл</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нёс</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёз</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёл</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">F.</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="left" nameend="c3" namest="c2">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́хала</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шла </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несла́</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везла́ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вела́ </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">N.</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="left" nameend="c3" namest="c2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >е́хало</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шло</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несло́</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везло́</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вело́</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><emphasis role="bold">Рl.</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="left" nameend="c3" namest="c2">
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́хали</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шли</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несли́</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везли́</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вели́</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
|
|
|
+ <para>Imperative</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
|
|
|
+ <para>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">попе</foreignphrase>)</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иди́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">неси́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вези́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веди́</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </table>
|
|
|
+ </preface>
|
|
|
+ <chapter>
|
|
|
+ <title>Introduction</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>As you already know, Russian verbs exist in pairs -- imperfective and perfective. In
|
|
|
+ Russian it is necessary to have at your command both verbs, the imperfective and the
|
|
|
+ perfective, to express all the possibilities of a <emphasis role="bold">verbal
|
|
|
+ idea</emphasis>. The imperfective and the perfective verbs are basically identical in meaning,
|
|
|
+ but differ in aspect. To express the verbal idea of "writing" in English we need only one verb
|
|
|
+ "to write". The Russian language has two verbs, the imperfective <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >писать</foreignphrase> and the perfective <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >написать</foreignphrase>. Both mean "to write".</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Perfective verbs generally express the notion of completion. For example, the perfective
|
|
|
+ verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">написать</foreignphrase> "to write" is used in the past
|
|
|
+ tense below expressing the notion of a completed action. <informaltable frame="all" pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я написал эту книгу.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I wrote this book.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Imperfective verbs describe an action without reference to its completion. imperfective
|
|
|
+ verbs are used when expressing a progressive action, repetition, or simply naming the action.
|
|
|
+ Considering only the past tense of the imperfective verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >писать</foreignphrase> "to write", you might find the following:</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.50*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал весь день.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I was writing all day. (progressive)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал каждый
|
|
|
+ день.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <ns:para>I wrote every day. (repetition) </ns:para>
|
|
|
+ <ns:para>I would write every day. </ns:para>
|
|
|
+ <ns:para>I used to write every day.</ns:para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я хорошо писал по-русски.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I wrote Russian well. (naming the action)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>This opposition between imperfective and perfective verbs is superficially adequate for
|
|
|
+ most verbs in most contexts.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.25*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.35*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <ns:para>progressive</ns:para>
|
|
|
+ <ns:para>repetition</ns:para>
|
|
|
+ <ns:para>naming the action</ns:para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я написал</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry valign="middle">completion</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Before we start with the "verbs of motion" translate this sentence into English.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>RUSSIAN: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я написал это письмо</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>ENGLISH:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>ENGLISH: I wrote this letter. (a completed action)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>That was simple. The perfective verb tells you it is a completed action. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>O.K.:<emphasis role="bold"> translate this one.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>RUSSIAN: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал маме.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>ENGLISH:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>ENGLISH:</para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I was writing Mother (when you called),</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I wrote Mother (every day).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I would write to Mother (every morning before school).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The three translations above point out the problem with imperfective verbs -- they can be
|
|
|
+ interpreted in several ways. All you know when you see an imperfective verb is that the
|
|
|
+ emphasis is <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> on a completed action.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>This is an important point to know about Russian verbs: perfective verbs carry an
|
|
|
+ intrinsic meaning of completion, while imperfective verbs have no intrinsic meaning. The
|
|
|
+ problem with imperfective verbs is one of interpretation.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Where do you suppose you would look for hints on interpreting the
|
|
|
+ meaning of an imperfective verb?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Look at the rest of the sentence or
|
|
|
+ paragraph.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Looking at the rest of the sentence for clues is the normal approach. Since imperfective
|
|
|
+ verbs may have several meanings (interpretations), it is necessary to know the sentence
|
|
|
+ context as well as the possible meanings of the imperfective verb. From now on we shall deal
|
|
|
+ with imperfective verbs only.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">What are the three basic meanings of the imperfective
|
|
|
+ verbs?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>progressive action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>repeated action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>naming the action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>Now, in the sentences below <emphasis role="bold">choose the best meaning for the
|
|
|
+ imperfective verbs</emphasis> according to the context of the sentences; progressive,
|
|
|
+ repeated, or naming.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал отцу три раза.</foreignphrase> I wrote to father
|
|
|
+ three times.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я читал всё утро.</foreignphrase> I read (was reading)
|
|
|
+ all morning.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я говорил по-русски.</foreignphrase> I spoke (used to
|
|
|
+ speak) Russian.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>repeated action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>progressive action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>naming the action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The last answer, "naming the action" occasionally gives the student some trouble. This
|
|
|
+ meaning, of imperfective verbs is used to simply state the verb without reference to any
|
|
|
+ quality of action or time.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Below are listed some English sentences that name the verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I like to play.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>My dog limps.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Most people sneeze.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>He reads Russian.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>We eat to live.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>None of these verbs truly tie themselves to the notions of progression or
|
|
|
+ repetition.</para>
|
|
|
+ </chapter>
|
|
|
+ <chapter>
|
|
|
+ <title>Verbs of motion</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>In Russian certain verbs have two imperfective forms. These verbs are called the "verbs of
|
|
|
+ motion", because they state the basic types of motion — going on foot, going by vehicle,
|
|
|
+ flying, swimming, crawling, etc.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>There are only thirteen of these verbs, but they play a large role in both the spoken and
|
|
|
+ written language. For our purposes, only the verbs of going, carrying, and leading are used.
|
|
|
+ If you are curious, all of the verbs of motion are listed in the Appendix <xref
|
|
|
+ linkend="Appendix" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> in the back.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The two imperfective forms of these verbs present alternate views of going, carrying,
|
|
|
+ swimming, etc. In general, a Russian needs only two verbs to express all possibilities of a
|
|
|
+ verbal idea — the imperfective and the perfective.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.04*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1"><emphasis role="bold">verbal idea
|
|
|
+ "writing"</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <emphasis role="bold">imperfective</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">писать</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <emphasis role="bold">perfective</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">написать</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>To express a verbal idea in all possible ways for a verb of motion you need three verbs —
|
|
|
+ the perfective verb and two imperfective verbs called the indeterminate and the
|
|
|
+ determinate.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.22*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1"><emphasis role="bold">verbal idea "going
|
|
|
+ on foot"</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1"><emphasis role="bold"
|
|
|
+ >imperfective</emphasis></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">
|
|
|
+ <para annotations="">
|
|
|
+ <emphasis role="bold">indeterminate</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <emphasis role="bold">determinate</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Now look at the card that comes with this booklet. This card is titled <emphasis
|
|
|
+ role="italic">CONJUGATION PATTERNS OF THE VERBS OF LOCOMOTION AND CONVEYANCE</emphasis>.
|
|
|
+ (<xref linkend="Card" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>These are the five verbs used throughout this text for examples, practice exercises, and
|
|
|
+ tests. You may use this card anytime you wish as a reference, "cheat sheet", or bookmark. Of
|
|
|
+ course, if you going to learn Russian you will eventually have to memorize them, but in this
|
|
|
+ text it is not obligatory.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>There are in Russian two verb-pairs with the general meaning of "to go", "to come", or "to
|
|
|
+ travel", The verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить-идти</foreignphrase> mean "to go on
|
|
|
+ foot", and the verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить-ехать</foreignphrase> mean "to go by
|
|
|
+ vehicle or some means of conveyance".</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In English we use the verb "to go" much more generally than the Russians. The English
|
|
|
+ sentence "I am going to town" has two counterparts in Russian.<itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я иду в город.</foreignphrase> I am going to town (on
|
|
|
+ foot).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я еду в город.</foreignphrase> I am going to town (by
|
|
|
+ vehicle).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>A similar distinction is made for <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >носить-нести</foreignphrase> "to carry on foot" and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >возить-везти</foreignphrase> , "to carry by vehicle, to transport".</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colwidth="2.49*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="2.39*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">On Foot</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">By Vehicle</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to go</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить --
|
|
|
+ идти</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить --
|
|
|
+ ехать</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to carry</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить --
|
|
|
+ нести</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить --
|
|
|
+ везти</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <para>This is a simple exercise to help you start to discriminate between "going on foot" and
|
|
|
+ "going by vehicle". <emphasis role="bold">Place a check beside the correct
|
|
|
+ response.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colwidth="7.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">On Foot</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">By Vehicle</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>1.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>going across the room</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>2.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>going to Florida</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>з.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>carrying my friend to the movies</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>4.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>going into the kitchen</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>5.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>carrying the book upstairs</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>6.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>carrying the refrigerator back to town</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>7.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>going to the country</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>8.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>carrying the newspaper next door</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>9.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>carrying the family home</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>10.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>going through the library</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colwidth="5.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colwidth="5.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">On Foot</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">By Vehicle</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>1.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>2.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>з.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>4.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>5.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>6.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>7.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>8.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>9.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>-</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>10.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>X</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>-</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Now with the aid of your card translate the two sentences into English.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я несу книгу в класс.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я везу деньги</foreignphrase> (money) <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">в банк.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I am carrying the book to class (on foot).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I am carrying the money to the bank (by car).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verbs of motion have two imperfective forms. They are called the _____________ and the
|
|
|
+ _____________.</para>
|
|
|
+ </chapter>
|
|
|
+ <chapter>
|
|
|
+ <title>The determinate</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: indeterminate and determinate (either
|
|
|
+ order)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>First let's take up the determinate imperfective. The most common determinate verb is
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase> "to go on foot". As you can see on the
|
|
|
+ card, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase>, along with all imperfective verbs,
|
|
|
+ has a present tense, a past tense, an imperative, and an infinitive. You can also form a
|
|
|
+ future tense with the present tense forms of the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >быть</foreignphrase> "to be" plus the infinitive form.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>One note of caution. If you are going to rely on that card, you will probably be making a
|
|
|
+ mistake. There are about twenty prefixes that can be added to these verbs to form new verbs —
|
|
|
+ approximately 100 verbs, and all are in common use! It wouldn't hurt to write them out for
|
|
|
+ practice right now.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Now that you know the forms of the imperfective determinate verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase> let us see how to use it. Since a determinate verb is a
|
|
|
+ subcategory of an imperfective verb, we shall start with our definition of an imperfective
|
|
|
+ verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">What are the three meanings of an imperfective
|
|
|
+ verb?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>________________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>________________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>________________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p16"/><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>progressive action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>repeated action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>naming the action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The determinate verb describes a motion in progress at a given time — a progressive
|
|
|
+ motion. The determinate roughly correlates with the English progressive tenses.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.7*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I am going to the movies.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A motion in progress in the present tense.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He was going home.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A motion in progress in the past tense.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">NOT</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.7*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I go to school.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A repeated (habitual) action.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>They went home every day.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A repeated (habitual) action.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The baby walks now.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Naming the motion (action) without reference to time.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The determinate imperfective verb roughly corresponds to the English progressive forms.
|
|
|
+ <emphasis role="bold">Which of the following sentences in English would be translated into
|
|
|
+ Russian using the verb <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >идти</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">DEFINITION</emphasis>: A determinate verb describes an action in
|
|
|
+ progress at a given (specific) moment in time.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Mary goes to church. (<xref linkend="p18" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Bobby usually comes to work late. (<xref linkend="p19" xrefstyle="template:page %p"
|
|
|
+ />)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here comes Harry! (<xref linkend="p17" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p17"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>: Here comes
|
|
|
+ Harry!</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Correct. "Here comes Harry" is an action in progress at a specific moment in time. In
|
|
|
+ English we do not always use the progressive form "is coming" to express a progressive
|
|
|
+ action.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Turn to <xref linkend="p20" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p18"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>: Mary goes to
|
|
|
+ church.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>That's not it. "Mary goes to church" is a repeated action. Doesn't the English imply that
|
|
|
+ she goes to church regularly (or at least occasionally)? To express the idea of an action in
|
|
|
+ progress at a specific moment we would have to change this sentence to:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Mary is going to church (right this moment).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Return to <xref linkend="p16" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> and select the correct
|
|
|
+ answer.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p19"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer: </emphasis> Bobby usually
|
|
|
+ comes to work late.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Very unlikely. The adverb "usually" implies something that takes place repeatedly. To
|
|
|
+ express the idea of an action in progress at a specific moment in time we would have to change
|
|
|
+ the sentence to read:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Bobby is coming to work late (today).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Return to page 16 and select the correct answer.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p20"/>Whenever determinate verbs of motion are discussed, the notion of
|
|
|
+ a definite direction is brought up. A favorite textbook definition is: "Determinate verbs of
|
|
|
+ motion describe an action in progress at a given time in a definite direction.</para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I am going to the movies.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>He is coming home.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Olga is coming into the room.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>Although direction is sometimes a handy way of looking at determinate verbs, it can cause
|
|
|
+ some con-fusion. The phrases "to the movies", "home", and "into the room" really say more
|
|
|
+ about destination than direction. The point is this: if you can see (visualize in your mind's
|
|
|
+ eye) a motion in progress, then whoever or whatever is moving at any given moment can only be
|
|
|
+ moving In one direction. This is self-evident. A better way to look at determinate motion is
|
|
|
+ to visualize a simple progressive motion along a line. This line is not necessarily straight.
|
|
|
+ Turn to the next page and consider the drawings of determinate motion.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>All of the motions below can be expressed by the determinate verb of motion.</para>
|
|
|
+ <mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <imageobject>
|
|
|
+ <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-1.png" width="14cm"/>
|
|
|
+ </imageobject>
|
|
|
+ </mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <imageobject>
|
|
|
+ <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-2.png" width="14cm"/>
|
|
|
+ </imageobject>
|
|
|
+ </mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <imageobject>
|
|
|
+ <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-3.png" width="14cm"/>
|
|
|
+ </imageobject>
|
|
|
+ </mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <para>All of the above motions can be expressed by the determinate verb of motion.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="all" pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга шла мимо дома.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Olga was walking past the house.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <para>Using the definition "motion in progress along a line at a specific moment", are you able
|
|
|
+ to visualize in your mind's eye Olga's walking along a line (in the past)? It is a concrete
|
|
|
+ image. A simple act of motion progressing along a line at the moment you visualize it. In this
|
|
|
+ case, I saw in my mind's eye Olga walking in a fairly straight line on a sidewalk running past
|
|
|
+ a house. In this sentence I don't know her destination, but I do visualize her moving in some
|
|
|
+ direction. Here are two sentences with a determinate verb expressing a progressive motion
|
|
|
+ along a line at a specific moment in time.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Which sentence has the more crooked line of
|
|
|
+ motion?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иван идёт туда в кино.</foreignphrase> Ivan is going
|
|
|
+ there to the movies.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Собака идёт зигзагами к дому.</foreignphrase> The dog
|
|
|
+ zigzagged toward the house.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>. Your choice . It all depends on how you visualize
|
|
|
+ it. A determinate verb expresses the action along a line irrespective of how intricate the
|
|
|
+ line is.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Did you notice the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase> "there" in the
|
|
|
+ sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иван идёт туда в кино?</foreignphrase> Until now you
|
|
|
+ have always used <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase> in Russian for the concept
|
|
|
+ "there". Russian has two adverbs for the concept of "where", "there", and "here". These
|
|
|
+ adverbs have specific uses in Russian, and they are not interchangeable.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase> "where" (you already know this
|
|
|
+ one)refers only to location — where someone or something is located. The adverb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase> "where" is used when motion is involved. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">Куда</foreignphrase> really means "whereto". In English we now generally use
|
|
|
+ the adverb <emphasis role="bold">where</emphasis>, to mean both location and motion-to. Not
|
|
|
+ too long ago we had the same opposition in English as the Russians have. The adverb <emphasis
|
|
|
+ role="bold">whither</emphasis> was used with motion-to, and where referred only to location.
|
|
|
+ You are familiar with words of Ruth: "Whither thou goest, I shall go ...." Notice the
|
|
|
+ difference in the following sentences.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Иван?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда идёт Иван?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where is Ivan?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where is Ivan going?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Go to the next page.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Can you fill In the "blanks below?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="0.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>=</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>where</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>=</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>where (whither)</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>=</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>here</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>=</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>_____( _____)</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>=</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>there</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>=</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>_____(_____ )</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase> = where (whither)</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase> = here (hither)</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase> = there (thither)</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The adverbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >здесь</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase> are used for
|
|
|
+ location; and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >сюда</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase> are used with
|
|
|
+ verbs expressing motion.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Choose the correct form</emphasis>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иван, (куда/где) ты идёшь?</foreignphrase> Ivan, where
|
|
|
+ are you going?</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга, (куда/где) ты работаешь?</foreignphrase> Olga,
|
|
|
+ where do you work?</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вы тоже шли (туда/там)?</foreignphrase> Were you going
|
|
|
+ there also?</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он живёт (сюда/здесь).</foreignphrase> He lives
|
|
|
+ here.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она была (сюда/здесь) в комнате.</foreignphrase> She was
|
|
|
+ here in the room.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Now, will you write a definition of determinate
|
|
|
+ verb?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Determinate verbs express a simple progressive
|
|
|
+ motion along a line at a given (specific) moment in time. (It is not necessary to have the
|
|
|
+ same words as mine.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Does this motion have to visualized as a straight
|
|
|
+ line?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: NO.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Is a stated direction necessary for determinate verbs? __________</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: NO.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Many Russian sentences can be generated without a stated direction. For example:</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Поезд идет быстро.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The train is going fast.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вор идёт!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A thief is coming!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb</emphasis> (
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >где</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase>, or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</foreignphrase> ).</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_____ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">твоя мама живёт?</foreignphrase> Where does your
|
|
|
+ mother live?</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я иду</foreignphrase> _____ . I am going there.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга шла</foreignphrase> _____. Olga was coming
|
|
|
+ here,</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_____ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">автомобиль</foreignphrase>? Where is the
|
|
|
+ car?</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пётр стоял</foreignphrase> _____ Peter was standing
|
|
|
+ there.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: 1.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>This completes the section on determinate verbs of motion using the verb <ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Turn the page when you are ready to start the next section on the indeterminate
|
|
|
+ verbs.</para>
|
|
|
+ </chapter>
|
|
|
+ <chapter>
|
|
|
+ <title>The indeterminate verbs of motion</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Before we start on the indeterminate verbs of motion, there is one more point of grammar
|
|
|
+ paralleling the kind of choice we must make between <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >куда</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase> , Two
|
|
|
+ prepositions <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >на</foreignphrase> + locative express location. This is something you have been doing all
|
|
|
+ along.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>When в or <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</ns:foreignphrase> governs the locative case:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> means "in, at", and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> means "on, at".</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Иван?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where is Ivan?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он в библотеке.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He's in the library.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он на концерте.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He's at the concert.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>In sentences with verbs of motion, a question is generally а <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >куда</foreignphrase>-question. A <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кyда</foreignphrase>-question
|
|
|
+ asks, "whereto?" The same prepositions в and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ may be used to answer a <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase>-question. In this
|
|
|
+ case в means "in, to", and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> means "on, to". In
|
|
|
+ answering <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase>-questions, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> govern
|
|
|
+ the accusative case — <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> + accusative.<itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда идёт Иван?</foreignphrase> Where is Ivan
|
|
|
+ going?</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он идёт в театр.</foreignphrase> He is going to the
|
|
|
+ theater.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он идёт на концерт.</foreignphrase> He is going to the
|
|
|
+ concert.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Choose the correct form.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Моя терелка (на кухне/на кухню).</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>My plate is in the kitchen.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я иду (на уроке/на урок).</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I am going to class.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Люди читают (в библотеке/в
|
|
|
+ библиотеку).</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>People read in the library.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Отец шёл (в городе/в город).</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Father was going to town.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я видел его (на футболе/на
|
|
|
+ футбол).</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I saw him at the football game.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на урок</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в библиотеке</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в город</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на футболе.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>There is one other pair of adverbial forms meaning "home" used the same way —
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дома</foreignphrase> (location) and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">домой</foreignphrase> (destination or direction).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Translate the answers to the following questions into Russian using
|
|
|
+ either <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дома</ns:foreignphrase> or <ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">домой</ns:foreignphrase>.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Иван?</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>He is at home. _______</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда идёт Иван?</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>He is going home. _______</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он дома.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он идёт домой.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1">Fill In the blanks below.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Location</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Motion</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>_______________________</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>_______________________</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>_______________________</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дома в</foreignphrase> + locative</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>_______+______________</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> + locative</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>_______+______________</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">Location</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center">Motion</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дома</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">домой</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> + locative</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> + accusative</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> + locative</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> + accusative</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Since indeterminate verbs are Imperfective verbs, <emphasis role="bold">what are the three
|
|
|
+ basic actions expressed by imperfective verbs?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>progressive action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>repeated action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>naming the action</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>If determinate verbs of motion express a progressive (a simple progressive motion along a
|
|
|
+ line at a given moment), then<emphasis role="bold"> indeterminate verbs express ____________
|
|
|
+ and ______________.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: repeated action (motion) and naming the action
|
|
|
+ (motion)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>To put repeated motion and naming the action into the same sort of definition as the
|
|
|
+ determinate one, let us say that an indeterminate verb may describe:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>motion non-progressively along a line</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>motion with no relation to the line</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The repeated or habitual actions when translated into repeated or habitual motions can be
|
|
|
+ thought of as non-progressive motion along a line. Using the indeterminate verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">ходить</foreignphrase> (the partner of the determinate verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase>), turn to the next page and look at the sentences
|
|
|
+ describing non-progressive motion along a line.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Repeated motion: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хожу в школу три раза в
|
|
|
+ неделю.</foreignphrase> I go to class three times a week.</para>
|
|
|
+ <mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <imageobject>
|
|
|
+ <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-4.png" width="14cm"/>
|
|
|
+ </imageobject>
|
|
|
+ </mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Repeated motion: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я ходил по комнате.</foreignphrase> I
|
|
|
+ was walking around the room.</para>
|
|
|
+ <mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <imageobject>
|
|
|
+ <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-5.png" width="14cm"/>
|
|
|
+ </imageobject>
|
|
|
+ </mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Habitual motion: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мой брат ходит в город.</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ My brother goes to town.</para>
|
|
|
+ <mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <imageobject>
|
|
|
+ <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-6.png" width="14cm"/>
|
|
|
+ </imageobject>
|
|
|
+ </mediaobject>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p39"/>Now at the sentence below. <emphasis role="bold">Select the best
|
|
|
+ answer.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина</foreignphrase> _____ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в
|
|
|
+ школу.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>a: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ <xref linkend="p42" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>b: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходит</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ <xref linkend="p40" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>c: either <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">ходит</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ <xref linkend="p41" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>: (b) <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зина
|
|
|
+ ходит в школу.</ns:foreignphrase> Zina goes to school.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p40"/>"Zina goes to school" is a non-progressive motion considered as a
|
|
|
+ repeated action or habitual action. It certainly can be interpreted in this way. But can't you
|
|
|
+ also say <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина идёт в школу</ns:foreignphrase> "Zina is going
|
|
|
+ to school" (a progressive motion along a line at a given moment in time)? This also
|
|
|
+ correct.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The problem is there is not enough information in the rest of the sentence to give you
|
|
|
+ only one possible interpretation. The sentence can be visualized in more than one way.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Most often a sentence with an indeterminate verb of motion will have adverbial clues for
|
|
|
+ repeated or habitual actions.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Can you think of any adverbs or adverbial phrases that will help you
|
|
|
+ visualize the motion as being repeated or habitual? </emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Turn to <xref linkend="p43" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> and you will see some that I
|
|
|
+ thought of.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p41"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина идёт в школу.</ns:foreignphrase> Zina is going to
|
|
|
+ school.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина ходит в школу.</ns:foreignphrase> Zina goes to
|
|
|
+ school.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>You are absolutely right. There was not enough Information in the rest of the sentence to
|
|
|
+ be sure of any one single interpretation. The sentence can be visualized in more than one
|
|
|
+ way.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>More often than not a sentence with an indeterminate verb will have adverbial clues for
|
|
|
+ repeated or habitual motions.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Can you think of any adverbs or adverbial phrases that will help you
|
|
|
+ visualize the motion as being repeated or habitual? </emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Turn to <xref linkend="p43" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> and you will see some that I
|
|
|
+ thought of.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p42"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>: (а)
|
|
|
+ <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина идёт в школу.</ns:foreignphrase> Zina is going to
|
|
|
+ school.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>"Zina is going to school" describes a simple progressive motion along a line at a given
|
|
|
+ moment in time. This is correct as far as it goes. What about <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >Зина ходит в школу</ns:foreignphrase> "Zina goes to school" (an habitual or repeated
|
|
|
+ motion)? This is also possible.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The problem is there is not enough information in the rest of the sentence to give you
|
|
|
+ only one possible answer. The sentence can be visualized more than one way.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Most often a sentence with an indeterminate verb of motion will have adverbs or adverbial
|
|
|
+ clues for repeated or habitual actions. Can you think of any adverbs or adverbial phrases that
|
|
|
+ will help you visualize the motion as being repeated or habitual? Turn to <xref linkend="p43"
|
|
|
+ xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> and you will see some that I thought of.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p43"/>Here is my list of adverbial clues or cues that can assist you in
|
|
|
+ choosing the indeterminate from.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">всегда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>always</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">никогда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>never</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">два раза</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>twice</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">три раза</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>three times</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пять раз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>five times</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">много раз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>many times</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">каждый день</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>every day</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">каждую неделю</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>every week</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">часто</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>often</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">обычно</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>usually</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">обыкновенно</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>generally</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">от времени до времени</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>from time to time</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the three sentences below the forms of the determinate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >идти</ns:foreignphrase> can not be used.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">What are the cues in the sentences that make the forms of the
|
|
|
+ indeterminate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase> the only
|
|
|
+ choice?</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он всё время ходил взад и вперёд по
|
|
|
+ комнате.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>He continuously walked back and forth about the room.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я хожу на лекции по
|
|
|
+ вторникам.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I go to lectures on Tuesdays.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга редко ходила в класс.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Olga rarely came to class.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">всё время</ns:foreignphrase> "continuously" and
|
|
|
+ <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">взад и вперё</ns:foreignphrase>д "back and forth"</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">по вторникам</ns:foreignphrase> "on Tuesdays"</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">редко</ns:foreignphrase> "rarely"</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>These clues help you determine that the sentences express a repeated or habitual action.
|
|
|
+ Therefore, the indeterminate verb is called for. An indeterminate verb expresses a
|
|
|
+ non-progressive motion along a line — motion back and forth along that line or motion several
|
|
|
+ times along that line. Since a non-progressive motion can be a back-and-forth motion, the
|
|
|
+ indeterminate verb is sometimes used in the past tense to describe a completed round trip
|
|
|
+ (having gone somewhere and returned).</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где ты был сегодня
|
|
|
+ утром?</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Where were you this morning?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я ходил в банк.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I went to the bank (and returned).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">This round-trip notion easily falls into the definition of what
|
|
|
+ Indeterminate verbs can do, that is, indeterminate verbs express</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ _________________________________.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: motion non-progressively along a line. (At this
|
|
|
+ point any definition using the idea of repeated, habitual, or back-and-forth motion Is
|
|
|
+ correct.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>"Motion non-progressively along a line" is only half of the definition of indeterminate
|
|
|
+ verbs. Can you fill in the blank below?</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">An indeterminate verb may describe:</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>motion non-progressively along a line</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_____________________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: motion having no relation to the line (or any
|
|
|
+ words to that effect).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Indeterminate verbs may also express motion without any reference to a line. This is
|
|
|
+ simply naming the action, a general description of the motion.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Люди ходят.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>People walk.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Рыбы плавают.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Fish swim</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Птицы летают.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Birds fly.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Translate the following sentence into Russian.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I love to walk. ___________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я люблю
|
|
|
+ ходить.</ns:foreignphrase> "I love to walk."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Since the motion is simply described with no relation to a line, the indeterminate verb of
|
|
|
+ motion <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase> is required. Let us do one
|
|
|
+ more.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Translate this sentence into Russian.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Our baby can walk. ________________________________.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">NOTE</emphasis>: The English modal verb "can" is not
|
|
|
+ translated.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Наш ребёнок
|
|
|
+ ходит.</ns:foreignphrase> "Our baby can walk."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Write a definition of an indeterminate verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">An indeterminate verb expresses:</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>____________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>____________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: An indeterminate verb expresses: (1) motion
|
|
|
+ non-progressively along a line, and (2) motion having no relation to a line.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Now write a definition of a determinate verb.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>A determinate verb expresses ____________________.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: A determinate verb expresses a simple progressive
|
|
|
+ motion along a line at a given moment in time.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Circle the correct form:</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы часто (ходим/идём) в
|
|
|
+ театр.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я встретил его на улице; он (ходил/шёл) в
|
|
|
+ банк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы (ходим/идём) в гости</ns:foreignphrase> (as guests
|
|
|
+ )<ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> сегодня вечером.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он начал полнеть</ns:foreignphrase> (to gain weight
|
|
|
+ )<ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">, потому что он мало
|
|
|
+ (ходит/идёт).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она (ходит/идёт) в библиотеку почти каждый
|
|
|
+ день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходим</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шёл</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идём</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>We have now covered the basic uses of the determinate and indeterminate forms of the
|
|
|
+ imperfective verbs of motion. In the next sections we shall apply these principles to some
|
|
|
+ other verbs of motion.</para>
|
|
|
+ </chapter>
|
|
|
+ <chapter>
|
|
|
+ <title>Some other verbs</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>The indeterminate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase> and the
|
|
|
+ determinate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase> act the same way as
|
|
|
+ <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase> and <ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase>. The big difference is that <ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">ездить-ехать</ns:foreignphrase> means to go by vehicle in stead of on foot.
|
|
|
+ Use the card supplied with this program to learn the conjugation patterns of both
|
|
|
+ <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase> and <ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase> then<emphasis role="bold"> select the correct form in
|
|
|
+ each sentence below.</emphasis> Be careful not to have someone walking to California or
|
|
|
+ riding in the bedroom.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вадим (идёт/едет) в деревню.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я завтра (иду/еду) в
|
|
|
+ Филадельфию.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Собака (идёт/едет) на
|
|
|
+ веранду.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он (идёт/едет) на кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кама (идёт/едет) в Лондон.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">едет</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">еду</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">едет</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The determinate expresses a progressive motion along a line at a specific moment in time.
|
|
|
+ The determinate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase> "going by vehicle" is
|
|
|
+ shown in several examples below.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда едут все эти люди!</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Where are all those people going!</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы едем завтра во Флориду.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>We are going to Florida tomorrow.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кто едет со мной?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Who is going with me?</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The indeterminate verb expresses a non-progressive motion along a line or a motion without
|
|
|
+ reference to any line.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">REPETITION</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я езжу в Одессу два раза в
|
|
|
+ год.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I go to Odessa twice a year.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">HABITUAL ACTION</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она ездит только на такси.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>She only takes taxis.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">NAMING THE ACTION</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Они любят ездить.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>They love to ride.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Change the determinate verb in the following sentences to the
|
|
|
+ corresponding indeterminate form. Add one of the following adverbs to the altered
|
|
|
+ sentence:</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">часто</ns:foreignphrase>, <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >редко</ns:foreignphrase>, <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">всё время</ns:foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">каждый день</ns:foreignphrase>, or <ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">обычно</ns:foreignphrase>. For example:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я еду в город.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я <emphasis role="bold">езжу</emphasis> в город
|
|
|
+ <emphasis role="bold">каждый день.</emphasis></ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я ехал в Москву.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я ____ в Москву _____.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга ехала на концерт.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга ____ на концерт ____.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы едем домой.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы ____ домой ____.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вы едете в кино?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вы ____ в кино ____?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">езжу</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
|
|
|
+ listed</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездил</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
|
|
|
+ listed</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездила</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
|
|
|
+ listed</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездим</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
|
|
|
+ listed</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездите</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
|
|
|
+ listed</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>Not only do you have to pay attention to the correct choice between determinate and
|
|
|
+ indeterminate, but also you must note whether the verb in the sentence means on foot or by
|
|
|
+ vehicle. It is necessary to memorize the following oppositions.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.15*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.15*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <thead>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1">On Foot</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry align="center" nameend="c4" namest="c3">By Vehicle</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </thead>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>indeterminate</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>determinate</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>indeterminate</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>determinate</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нести</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Another pair of indeterminate-determinate verbs of motion that we shall take up is
|
|
|
+ <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase> "to lead". <ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">Водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase> can mean "to lead on foot" or "to lead by
|
|
|
+ vehicle". With <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase> it makes no
|
|
|
+ difference.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">The Indeterminate</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пётр водит своего брата в парк каждый
|
|
|
+ день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Peter leads his brother to the park every day.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я водил сестру в школу только два раза в
|
|
|
+ неделю.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I led (took) my sister to school only twice a week.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">The Determinate</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама видела, как я вёл сестру туда сегодня
|
|
|
+ утром.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Mother saw me leading (taking) my sister there this morning.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Брат шёл по улице и вёл за руку маленькую сестру в
|
|
|
+ парк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The brother was walking along the street leading his little sister by the hand to the
|
|
|
+ park.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Complete the following using the verbs</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы идёте? Я (вожу/веду) дочку к
|
|
|
+ доктору.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы едете? Я (вожу/везу) дочку к
|
|
|
+ доктору.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веду</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>Don't get confused with the idea of. "on foot" or "by vehicle". Remember that it makes no
|
|
|
+ difference with <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase>. The choice is
|
|
|
+ the same for both sentences -- the determinate verb, action progressing along a line.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить-нести</ns:foreignphrase> "to carry on
|
|
|
+ foot" are similar to <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить-идти</ns:foreignphrase> "to go on
|
|
|
+ foot". However, the verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить-нести</ns:foreignphrase> take
|
|
|
+ a direct object, that is , they carry something or someone.</para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я несу книгу в библиотеку</ns:foreignphrase>. I am
|
|
|
+ carrying the book to the library.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Replace the verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >ходить</ns:foreignphrase> or <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ the following sentences with the correct form of <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >носить</ns:foreignphrase> or <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нести</ns:foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ plus a direct object.</emphasis> For example:</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="7.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="7.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>1.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама <emphasis role="bold">идёт</emphasis>
|
|
|
+ домой</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама <emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">несёт пакет</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>
|
|
|
+ домой.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я <emphasis role="bold">хожу</emphasis> в школу
|
|
|
+ каждый день.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я _____ в школу каждый
|
|
|
+ день.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга <emphasis role="bold">шла</emphasis> на
|
|
|
+ кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга _____ на кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она часто <emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="ru">ходила</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis> на
|
|
|
+ кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она _____ часто на
|
|
|
+ кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я <emphasis role="bold">иду</emphasis> в
|
|
|
+ банк.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я _____ в банк.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёт пакет</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ношу</ns:foreignphrase> plus a noun in the accusative
|
|
|
+ case.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несла</ns:foreignphrase> plus a noun in the accusative
|
|
|
+ case.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носила</ns:foreignphrase> plus a noun in the
|
|
|
+ accusative case.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несу</ns:foreignphrase> plus a noun in the accusative
|
|
|
+ case.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Using your definitions of the determinate and indeterminate, select
|
|
|
+ the proper verb form from the following sentences.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы (носите/несёте) этот
|
|
|
+ пакет?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я (ношу/несу) его на почту.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Когда я видел его на улице, брат (носил/нёс) большую
|
|
|
+ книгу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он всегда (носил/нёс) свою шляпу в
|
|
|
+ руке.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он (носит/несёт) её книги каждый
|
|
|
+ день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёте</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нёс</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носил</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verbs<ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> возить-везти</ns:foreignphrase> "to carry by
|
|
|
+ vehicle" is used exactly like <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >носить-нести</ns:foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить-нести</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>=</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to carry ON FOOT, WALKING</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить-везти</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>=</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to carry BY VEHICLE, RIDING</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The determinate form expresses motion in progress at a given moment in time, a progressive
|
|
|
+ motion along a line.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я несу хлеб домой.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I am carrying the bread home. (ON FOOT, WALKING)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я везу хлеб домой.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I am carrying the bread home. (BY VEHICLE, RIDING)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>The indeterminate form expresses a motion non-progressively along a line (repeated or
|
|
|
+ habitual motion), and motion with no reference to a line (a naming of the motion).</para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я возил хлеб домой два раза.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I carried the bread home twice. <emphasis role="bold">REPEATED
|
|
|
+ MOTION</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я возил хлеб домой каждый
|
|
|
+ день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I carried the bread home every day. <emphasis role="bold">HABITUAL
|
|
|
+ MOTION</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я люблю возить хлеб домой.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>I like to carry the bread home.<emphasis role="bold"> NAMING THE
|
|
|
+ ACTION</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить-везти</ns:foreignphrase> "to carry by
|
|
|
+ vehicle" also take a direct object. <emphasis role="bold">Underline the direct object in the
|
|
|
+ following sentences and translate the sentences into English.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я везу деньги в банк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама всегда возит мою сестру на
|
|
|
+ футбол.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Отец вёз мою кровать на дачу.</ns:foreignphrase> (to
|
|
|
+ the country house).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мой брат везёт лошадь на выставку</ns:foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ (to the fair).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >деньги</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>: I am taking the money to the bank by vehicle
|
|
|
+ (car).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мою
|
|
|
+ сестру</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>: Mother always takes my sister to the football game
|
|
|
+ (by car).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мою
|
|
|
+ кровать</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>: Father was taking (by car) my bed to the country
|
|
|
+ house.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
|
|
|
+ >лошадь</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>: My brother is taking (his) horse to the
|
|
|
+ fair.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Now supply the correct form (the indeterminate or the determinate)
|
|
|
+ of the verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить-везти</ns:foreignphrase> "to carry by
|
|
|
+ vehicle"</emphasis>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>He drove us around the city yesterday in his car.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он _____ нас вчера по городу в своем
|
|
|
+ автомобиле.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The bus was taking the children to school.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Автобус _____ детей в школу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Drive carefully with this box; there is glass in it.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">_____ этот ящик осторожно; там
|
|
|
+ стекло!</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>This bus takes children to school every morning.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Этот автобус _____ детей в школу каждое
|
|
|
+ утро.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>In front of us was a truck, which was carrying some kind of machines.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Впереди нас ехал грузовик, который _____ какие-то
|
|
|
+ машины.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возил</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Везите</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>When you use the verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вест</ns:foreignphrase>и "to
|
|
|
+ lead". It makes no difference whether you are leading on foot or by vehicle, the same verb is
|
|
|
+ used. The verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase> also take a
|
|
|
+ direct object, that is, you <emphasis role="bold">lead</emphasis> someone or something.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Circle the correct forms and underline the direct
|
|
|
+ object.</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Every day she takes her children to the park.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она каждый день (водит/ведёт) своих детей в
|
|
|
+ парк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>She was going to the park and leading her child there.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она шла в парк и (водила/вела) туда своего
|
|
|
+ ребёнка</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Lead me; it's so dark in here!</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">(Водите/Ведите) меня;тут так
|
|
|
+ темно!</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>I am taking my daughter to the doctor.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я (вожу/веду) мою дочь к
|
|
|
+ доктору.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The guide was leading us along a narrow mountain path.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гид (водил/вёл) нас по узкой горной
|
|
|
+ тропинке.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водит своих детей</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вела . . . своего ребёнка</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ведите меня</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веду мою дочь</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёл нас</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para>Take a break, and then take the final test!</para>
|
|
|
+ </chapter>
|
|
|
+ <chapter>
|
|
|
+ <title>Test</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Write a definition of imperfective verbs with three example sentences.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>___________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>___________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>___________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Write a definition of the determinate imperfective with one example sentence.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>___________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>___________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>(1) ________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Write a definition of the indeterminate imperfective including three example
|
|
|
+ sentences.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>___________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>___________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>___________________________</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>_______________________</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Select the correct form.</para>
|
|
|
+ <itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы часто (ходим/идём) в
|
|
|
+ театр.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы (ходите/идёте)?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он всегда (носит/нёс) свою шляпу в
|
|
|
+ руке.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мой отец любил (ездить/ехать) верхом.
|
|
|
+ .</ns:foreignphrase>(on horseback)</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Этот автобус (возит/везёт) туристов по
|
|
|
+ городу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я вчера встретил</ns:foreignphrase> (met)
|
|
|
+ <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Андрея, когда он (ходил/шёл)в
|
|
|
+ библиотеку.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы едете? Я (вожу/везу) детей в
|
|
|
+ школу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Если ты будешь (ездить/ехать) быстро, ты не
|
|
|
+ опоздаешь</ns:foreignphrase> (will not be late).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга (ходила/шла) очень быстро и не видела
|
|
|
+ меня.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он стал плохо видеть; ему нужно (he
|
|
|
+ needs)(носить/нести) очки</ns:foreignphrase> ("carry" in this sentence means
|
|
|
+ "wear").</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вера вчера (носила/несла) книгу
|
|
|
+ домой.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сейчас я дома. Я уже (ходил/шёл) в
|
|
|
+ банк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Каждую неделю брат (водит/ведёт) старого человека
|
|
|
+ в город.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Завтра я (хожу/иду) в
|
|
|
+ кино.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга (носила/несла) газеты в класс два раза в
|
|
|
+ неделю.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гид сейчас (водит/ведёт) туристов в
|
|
|
+ музей.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я часто (вожу/везу) маму в
|
|
|
+ лавку.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Этот молодой человек любит (водить/вести) девушку
|
|
|
+ в сад.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Родители (ездят/едут) сейчас на
|
|
|
+ футбол.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сегодня сестра (ходит/идёт)
|
|
|
+ домой.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </itemizedlist>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Circle the correct form.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я живу (на квартире/на
|
|
|
+ квартиру).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сейчас я иду
|
|
|
+ (дома/домой)</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он читает книги (в библиотеке/в
|
|
|
+ библиотеку).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он ехал (на концерте/на
|
|
|
+ концерт).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иван любит ездить (в деревне/в
|
|
|
+ деревню).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">(Где/Куда) вы работаете?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мой отец шёл (в саду/в
|
|
|
+ сад).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга спит</ns:foreignphrase> ( sleeps
|
|
|
+ )<ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> (там/туда).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">(Где/Куда) вы идёте?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сестра идёт
|
|
|
+ (здесь/сюда).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Select the correct form.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Разговор в поезде: Куда
|
|
|
+ вы(идёте/едете)?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я (иду/еду) в Чикаго.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга (несёт/везёт) свою книгу в
|
|
|
+ комнату.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пётр (несёт/везёт) семью (family) в
|
|
|
+ деревню.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я (ношу/вожу) газеты в читальню каждый
|
|
|
+ день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Отец (нёс/вёз) диван в
|
|
|
+ город.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сестра (ехала/шла) на
|
|
|
+ кухню</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кто (идёт/едет) в лавку.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Брат хочет (идти/ехать) в
|
|
|
+ Европу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама (несла/везла) молоко в
|
|
|
+ спальню.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </chapter>
|
|
|
+ <chapter>
|
|
|
+ <title>Answers</title>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>KEY PHRASES: progressive action, repeated action, habitual action, naming the action,
|
|
|
+ the action spoken of in general terms, no emphasis on the completion of the action. (three
|
|
|
+ example sentences)</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The determinate expresses a progressive motion along a line at a given (specific)
|
|
|
+ moment in time. (one example sentence)</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The indeterminate expresses a non-progressive motion(repeated, habitual,
|
|
|
+ back-and-forth) along a line,and a motion with no reference to any line (naming the
|
|
|
+ action, speaking of the action in general terms).(three example sentences).</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="6">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>a.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходим</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>k.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несла</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>b.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёте</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>l.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходил</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>c.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носил</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>m.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>d.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>n.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иду</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>e.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>о.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носила</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>f.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шёл</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>p.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>g.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>q.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вожу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>h.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>r.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>i.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шла</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>s.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">едут</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>j.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>I</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>t.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>D</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Circle the correct form.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на квартире</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">домой</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в библиотеке</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на концерт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в деревне</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в сад</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Select the correct form.</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">едете</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">еду</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ношу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шла</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несла</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </chapter>
|
|
|
+ <chapter>
|
|
|
+ <title><anchor xml:id="Appendix"/>Appendix</title>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="left" colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>1.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>go, walk</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>2.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бежать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бегать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>run</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>3.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ползти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ползать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>crawl</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>4.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лезть</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лазить (лазать)</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>climb</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>5.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">плыть</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">плавать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>swim</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>6.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лететь</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">летать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>fly</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>7.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>go, ride</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>8.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вести</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>lead</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>9.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гнать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гонять</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>drive</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>10.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нести</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>carry</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>11.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>convey</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>12.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тащить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">таскать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>drag</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>13.</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">катить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">катать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>
|
|
|
+ <para>roll</para>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">BIBLIOGRAPHY</emphasis></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Foote, I. P. Verbs of motion. In Dennis Ward (Ed.) Studies in the modern Russian language.
|
|
|
+ Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1967.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Forsyth, J. A grammar of aspect. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
|
|
|
+ 1970.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Murphy, A. B. Aspectival usage in Russian. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1965.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Stilman, L. Russian verbs of motion. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Stilman, G. & Harklns, W. E. Introductory Russian grammar.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Waltham, Massachusetts: Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1964.</para>
|
|
|
+ </chapter>
|
|
|
+</book>
|
