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<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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version="5.1">
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- <title>Restaurant Module</title>
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+ <title>Restaurant</title>
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<para/>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Objectives</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>General</title>
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+ <para>The purpose of the Restaurant Module (RST) is to acquaint you with Chinese cuisine
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+ and eating customs and to provide you with the linguistic skills you need to be able
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+ to order food in a restaurant or to dine at home.</para>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Specific</title>
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+ <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
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+ <orderedlist>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Name four foods or dishes suitable as a snack or as an in-between
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+ meal.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Name four dishes in Chinese you might order for dinner.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Name 5 types of meat, fish or fowl.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Translate the names of 10 Chinese dishes (either soups, main courses, or
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+ desserts) into English.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>List the food which accompanies various main courses: rice, noodles,
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+ pancakes, steamed bread, flower rolls.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Order a Western-style breakfast.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Order one of the "fixed meals" offered in small restaurants.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Order Mongolian Barbecue or Mongolian Hot Pot.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Discuss with a friend what to order for a snack.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Ask for a menu and for help in reading it. Discuss with the waiter or
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+ waitress what the various dishes are. Ask for suggestions in ordering the
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+ meal.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Comment on the meal: how the dishes were made, which were most pleasing,
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+ and when you’ve had enough.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Ask for the check and ask to have the tip figured into the total.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Call to make reservations for a dinner party. Discuss the menu and cost of
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+ the dinner.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>List the different types of courses which go to make up a banquet: cold
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+ dishes, main courses, soups, and desserts.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ <listitem>
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+ <para>Partake in a formal banquet: toasting friends, wishing them well, and
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+ responding to the host's hospitality.</para>
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+ </listitem>
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+ </orderedlist>
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+ </section>
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+ </section>
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<section>
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<title>Unit 1</title>
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- <para/>
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- <section><title>Part 1</title>
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- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
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- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Part 1</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference List</title>
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+
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+
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
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+ <para>chī: “to eat”. The verb “to eat” is often expressed using a general
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+ object compound, chī fàn, instead of the simple verb chī. <informaltable
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+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Nǐ chī fàn le ma?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>你吃饭了马？</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Have you eaten? </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Wǒ hái méi chī fàn. </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>我还没吃饭。</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry> I haven't eaten yet.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para> suíbiàn 随便: This word meaning “as you please”, or more literally
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+ “following convenience”, has a variety of uses.<informaltable
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+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry> Nǐ suíbiàn mài ba.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>你随便买吧。</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Buy what you want. </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Nǐ qù bu qu? Suí nǐde biàn ba.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>你去不去？随你的便吧。</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Are you going? Do what you like. </entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para>guōtiē 锅贴: This has been translated here as “fried dumpling”, but
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+ actually a guōtiē differs from a dumpling in several respects. We
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+ usually think of a dumpling as a solid lump of leavened dough dropped in
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+ soup to cook. A guōtiē, however, is made of thin, unleavened dough,
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+ which serves as a wrapper for a filling. This filling may be Chinese
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+ cabbage, port, beef, lamb, or any combination, thereof. Secondly, a
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+ guōtiē is not dropped in soup, but is steamed and fried, so that the
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+ bottom is crisp and the top is soft. </para>
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+ <para>bāozi 包子: This is a round of steamed bread filled with salty stuffing
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+ (cabbage, pork, beef, shrimp, etc.) or sweet stuffing (red bean puree,
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+ walnuts, almonds, etc.). The steamed bread is made from a raised dough
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+ and forms a thick bun, somewhat similar in concept to a hamburger. </para>
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+ <para>suān là tāng 酸辣汤: A thick spicy soup made of pork, white bean curd,
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+ “red bean curd” (actually dried chicken or pork blood), dried tiger lily
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+ flowers, mushrooms, bamboo shoots and egg.</para>
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+ <para> liǎngwǎn... 两碗酸...: The word for “bowl”, wǎn 碗, is used as a counter
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+ here.</para>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
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+ <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
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+ <para>Hái yào jige bāozi, zěnmeyàng?: The toneless syllable ji- means “a
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+ few” or “several”. It may be difficult to distinguish between jige.
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+ “a few”, from jǐge, “how many” in rapid speech. Usually there will
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+ be other clues such as intonation and context to help you
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+ distinguish them. This is discussed again in Unit 3 of the
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+ Directions Module. </para>
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+ <para>Bú yào diǎn tài duō le.: The phrase bú yào is used to mean “don't”
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+ in sentences expressing a command. You'll learn more about this in
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+ the Transportation Module. The marker le for new situation is used
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+ here to reinforce the idea of “excessive”. Whenever a speaker says
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+ something is excessive, he is actually saying that it has BECOME
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+ excessive. </para>
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+ <para>Nǐmen diǎn dian shénme?: The first word diǎn is the verb “to
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+ order”. The second word diǎn (from yìdiǎn, “a little”) means “some”. </para>
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+ <para>Èrshige guōtiē, sìge bāozi: You can tell from the amount ordered
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+ that the guōtiē are more or less bite-sized, while the bāozi are
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+ larger.</para>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
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+ <para>A conversation between an American student and a Chinese friend in
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+ front of a small restaurant.</para>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
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+ <para>xiǎochìdiàn: This is a small place where you can grab something to
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+ eat. (Xiǎochī means “snack”.) If you are in a city in China, you are
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+ probably not far from one. A xiǎochīdiàn is often run by one or two
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+ people. It may be arranged so that the cooking area faces the
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+ street, in which case you'll probably walk through the kitchen as
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+ you head for a table. Putting the kitchen at the front, facing the
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+ street, makes for better ventilation and allows people on the street
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+ to see and smell what is being cooked. Inside you are likely to find
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+ small tables without tablecloths, and stools. There is generally no
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+ menu, but some of the dishes may be written on a blackboard or on
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+ red pieces of paper which are hung on the wall. Since the
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+ xiǎochīdiàn is often a small operation, it may only offer a few
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+ things or it may specialize in serving one type of food, such as
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+ noodles or dumplings. The word xiǎo in xiǎochīdiàn, refers not to
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+ the size of the establishment, but to the types of food
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+ offered.</para>
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+ <para>Tāmen dōu yǒu shénme?: The word dōu in this sentence refers to the
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+ object, not the subject. In other words, the sentence is translated
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+ as “What all do they have?” in this context. In another conversation
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+ the same sentence might mean “What do they all have?”.</para>
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+ <para>This type of question with dōu expects an answer with more than
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+ one item mentioned. The dōu may be thought to refer to the object in
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+ the answer.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Nǐ dōu mǎi shénme le?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>What all did you buy?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Wǒ mǎile shíge bāozi, sānjīn píngguo, liùpíng
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+ qìshuǐ.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>I bought ten bāozi, three catties of apples,
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+ six bottles of soda.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para>But notice that in the answer dōu is NOT used even though the
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+ object is plural in number or a series of items.</para>
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+ </section>
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+ </section>
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+
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+
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+ </section>
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+
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+ </section>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Part 2</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference List </title>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
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+ <para>zhēng jiǎo: These are crescent-shaped dumplings filled with cabbage and
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+ meat which are steam cooked. The steaming is done by-placing the dumplings
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+ in a bamboo basket, which is one layer in a stack of bamboo baskets called a
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+ zhēng lóng, and then placing the whole stack over a container of boiling
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+ water.</para>
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+ <para>gěi wo lái ...: The verb lái here means not “to come” but “to bring” since
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+ it is followed by a noun. The word gěi is the prepositional verb
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+ “for”.</para>
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+ <para>yìlóng zhēng jiǎo: Steamed dumplings are sold by the basket and served in
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+ the basket that they are steamed in. The word for one tier of such baskets
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+ is used as a counter, -lòng (yìlòng, liànglòng. etc.).</para>
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+ <para>tāng miàn: This is the name for a class of dishes made of noodles and
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+ soup. Unlike the Western idea of soup with some noodles, tāng miàn is
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+ basically noodles with some soup added. Because Northern China is a wheat
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+ growing area, noodles are a staple in the diet of that region. A bowl of
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+ noodles can be used to make a side dish for a large meal, or, with a little
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+ soup and meat added, can be a meal in itself. Noodles are commonly made in
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+ six-to-ten-foot lengths in China, and are regarded as a symbol of
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+ longevity.</para>
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+ <para>chǎo miàn: One of the verbs translated “to fry” is chǎo. It is also
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+ sometimes translated as “stir fry”. The Chinese language has several verbs
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+ meaning “to fry”. Chǎo means to fry in a little oil, stirring rapidly and
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+ constantly, not unlike sautéing.</para>
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+ <para>niúròu miàn: This dish consists of noodles in soup with pieces of beef.
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+ The word for “beef” is niúròu, literally “cow”, niú and “meat”, ròu. In the
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+ names of Chinese dishes, the thing the dish is primarily composed of, in
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+ this case noodles, is at the end of the phrase. Those words coming before
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+ describe the additional foods with which the dish is prepared or the style
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+ in which it is prepared.</para>
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+ <para>jiǎozi: A crescent-shaped dumpling, made of white dough and stuffed with a
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+ mixture of meat and scallions or mixed vegetables. Jiǎozi may be served
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+ steamed, zhēng jiǎo or boiled, shuǐ jiǎo. It is said that Marco Polo took
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+ the idea of these dumplings back to Italy inspiring the creation of
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+ ravioli.</para>
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+ <para>ròusī miàn: This is noodles in soup with shreds of pork and vegetables.
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+ Actually, the word ròu means simply “meat”, not “pork”. But the basic meat
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+ of China has always been pork, and therefore ròu on a menu refers to pork
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+ unless otherwise specified.</para>
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+ <para>shénmede: This word, used after a series of nouns, means “and so on” or
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+ “etcetera”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Qìshuǐ, píjiǔ, shénmede dōu děi mǎi.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>We need to buy soda, beer, and so on.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
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+ <para>A conversation between a waiter and a customer at a small eatery.</para>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
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+ <para>duōshaoge: The word duōshao may be used either with or without a
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+ counter.</para>
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+ <para/>
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+ <para>sānxiān: This word occurs in the names of rice dishes, noodle dishes and
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+ soups. It can be roughly translated as “three delicacies”, more literally,
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+ “three fresh”. It means that the dish is made with two different meats, such
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+ as chicken and pork, and a seafood, such as shrimp, in addition to the
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+ vegetables.</para>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
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+ <para>A conversation at another small eatery.</para>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+
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+ </section>
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+
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</section>
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- <section><title>Part 2</title>
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- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
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- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Part 3</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference List</title>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
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+ <para>chǎo jīdàn: This is literally translated as “fried eggs”. Since chǎo means
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+ “to stir fry”, however, it actually refers to scrambled eggs.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>kǎo miànbāo: “Toast”. This phrase is the verb kǎo “to roast” and the word
|
|
|
+ for “bread”, miànbāo.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Qǐng zài lái...: Here again you see the verb lái used to mean “bring”. The
|
|
|
+ word zài is the adverb “again”. Literally translated, this phrase means
|
|
|
+ something like “Please again bring...”. This is the standard way to ask
|
|
|
+ someone to bring more of something.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>shāobing: This is a baked roll with layers of dough and covered with
|
|
|
+ sesame seeds. It comes in two shapes, one oblong and the other round like an
|
|
|
+ English muffin, only not as thick. It is usually eaten at breakfast.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>liǎnggēn yóutiáo: This is a long, twisted, puffy roll which is deep-fried.
|
|
|
+ It resembles a cruller, but it is not sweet. Literally, the name means “oil
|
|
|
+ stick”. It is usually eaten at breakfast, along with dòujiāng and perhaps a
|
|
|
+ shǎobing. The counter for long, thin objects, like yóutiáo is -gēn.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>dòujiāng: This is a liquid produced when bean curd, dòufu, is made from
|
|
|
+ soybeans. It is white, resembling milk, and high in protein. It may be
|
|
|
+ flavored so that it is sweet or salty. It is sometimes called soybean
|
|
|
+ milk.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>tiánde/xiānde: Many foods in China such as bāozi and dòujiāng come in two
|
|
|
+ sorts: tiánde and xiānde. Although the Chinese categorize foods as either
|
|
|
+ salty or sweet, this does not mean that food which is labeled “salty” is
|
|
|
+ terribly salty. Sometimes the label “salty” simply means “not sweet”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A conversation at the Peking Hotel.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Breakfast at the Peking Hotel: The Peking Hotel is said to have the best
|
|
|
+ Western style food in the city. While they serve both Western and Chinese style
|
|
|
+ lunches and dinners, they are not always prepared to serve certain kinds of
|
|
|
+ Chinese breakfast foods, such as shāobing and yóutiáo. If you would like to eat
|
|
|
+ these typical Chinese breakfast foods you should ask in advance.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <para>xīfàn: This is another breakfast food. It is a white porridge made of rice and
|
|
|
+ water. In the northern parts of China it is eaten along with salted pickles,
|
|
|
+ ham, salted vegetables, salted eggs or peanuts.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <para>mántou: “Steamed bread”. While the word miànbāo refers to Western style bread,
|
|
|
+ mántou refers to a Chinese version of bread, a large steamed roll made of white
|
|
|
+ dough. It is heavy and moist with no crust.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Unit Vocabulary List</title></section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Unit 2</title>
|
|
|
- <para/>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>kèfàn: This refers to a type of meal in which soup, a main dish, rice and tea
|
|
|
+ are all served for one price. Much of the meal is prepared ahead of time, which
|
|
|
+ makes it quick, convenient and inexpensive for the customer. It is referred to
|
|
|
+ here as a “fixed meal”. Other translations are “fixed dinner”, “blue plate
|
|
|
+ special” and “combination plate”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Kèfàn jiù yǒu yìzhǒng ma?: When you ask this question, the person you are
|
|
|
+ speaking to might think you are asking about the different price categories that
|
|
|
+ kèfàn is available in. Restaurants which offer kèfàn often have an inexpensive,
|
|
|
+ a moderate and a top-of-the-line kèfàn each day.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>cài: This is the word for any dish which is not soup, rice or noodles.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>yòng: Like the word gěi, “to give”, the word yòng can act as either a full
|
|
|
+ verb or a prepositional verb. As a full verb, it means “to use”. As a
|
|
|
+ prepositional verb, it means “with”. Here are some examples of both
|
|
|
+ usages.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Nǐ kéyi yòng wǒde diànshàn.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You can use my electric fan.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tā yòng kuàizi chī fàn.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He eats with chopsticks.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>jī: While often the word for a type of meat, such as “beef”, niúròu, contains
|
|
|
+ the syllable ròu, “meat”, the word for chicken does not.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>xiàcì: The words for “last time”, “this time” and “next time” are formed
|
|
|
+ according to the same principle as you've learned for other time words, like
|
|
|
+ “last week” and “last month”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>shàngcì</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>last time</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>shàngge xīngqī</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>last week</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>shàngge yuè</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>last month</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>zhècì</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this time</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>zhège xīngqī</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this week</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>zhège yuè</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>this month</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>xiàcì</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>next time</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>xiàge xīngqī</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>next week</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>xiàge yuè</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>next month</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A conversation between an American woman and a Chinese friend, who are out to
|
|
|
+ eat on their lunch hour.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Nà: At the beginning of the sentence, nà means “then” or “well then”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Yǒu sān-sìzhǒng: “three or four kinds”. Two consecutive numbers may be used
|
|
|
+ together to give the idea of an approximate figure. The exception to this rule
|
|
|
+ is that 10 and multiples of 10 can not combine with the number coming
|
|
|
+ immediately before or after them. You will learn this in more detail in the
|
|
|
+ Transportation Module.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Hǎo. Nǐ yào yíge qīngjiāo niúròu.: While at an informal meal each person at
|
|
|
+ the table may choose one of the dishes, everyone at a Chinese meal eats from all
|
|
|
+ the dishes, which are put in the center of the table.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Hǎo bu hǎochī?: The compound hǎochī, “to be tasty”, can be broken apart to
|
|
|
+ form a question.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Kèfàn dōu yǒu shénme yàngde cài?: The adverb dōu in this sentence refers to
|
|
|
+ the plural subject kèfàn, “fixed dinners”.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>xiārén: This word refers to small shrimp without shells.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>dòufu: “Bean curd”. This is a soft white substance made from soybeans,
|
|
|
+ with the consistency of jello or custard. It has only a faint taste, but is
|
|
|
+ rich in protein and minerals. It is a staple found all over the Orient and
|
|
|
+ may be found in everyday food as well as festive foods.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>bú cuò: This phrase is used for “not bad”, in the sense of “pretty good”,
|
|
|
+ “pretty well”, “all right”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Bié kèqi: Because this phrase is one of the most basic phrases in the
|
|
|
+ system of Chinese customs and manner, it is difficult to translate. Here, it
|
|
|
+ may be translated as “Don't be formal.” or “Don't stand on ceremony.” But it
|
|
|
+ should be viewed in context to determine its full meaning.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>bǎo: This is an adjectival verb meaning “to be satisfied”, literally “to
|
|
|
+ be full”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Nǐ duō chī yìdiǎn: Notice the word order of this sentence. The word duō is
|
|
|
+ used as an adverb, and therefore precedes the verb chī. The word yìdiǎn is
|
|
|
+ used as the object of the action and therefore follows the verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Wǒ zài chī: The word zài can be used as a marker of ongoing action. You’ll
|
|
|
+ learn more about this in the Meeting Module.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Nī zài diǎn yíge ba.: The word zài here means “additionally” or
|
|
|
+ “more”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Wǒ xiǎng tài duō le, Bú yào cài le ba.; Here are two examples of the
|
|
|
+ marker le for new situations. In the first sentence it is necessary to use
|
|
|
+ le to indicate that the food order has now become too much. In the second
|
|
|
+ sentence, it is necessary to use the marker le to indicate that the meat and
|
|
|
+ vegetable is not wanted anymore.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>At another small restaurant.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Zài lai yíge tāng, zěnmeyàng?: Here you see another example of the word
|
|
|
+ zài. meaning “additionally” or “more”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Nǐ xiǎng bu xiang chī dian tiǎnde dōngxi?: The Chinese are not accustomed
|
|
|
+ to eating desserts as are some other cultures. While they have invented some
|
|
|
+ rather lucious desserts, these are usually served only at more formal
|
|
|
+ dinners. At a modest meal or in a xiǎochīdiàn, the only dessert available is
|
|
|
+ probably fruit.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>zhīdao: The verb “to know”, zhīdao is a state verb and therefore can be
|
|
|
+ negated, only with the syllable bù.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Wǒ zuótian bù zhīdao tā zài nār.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yesterday I didn’t know where he was.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice also that the verb “to know, zhīdao, has a neutral tone on the last
|
|
|
+ syllable. But when it is negated, the verb “to know” has tones on all
|
|
|
+ syllables, bù zhīdào.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Nǐ jiàode tài duō le.: “You've ordered too much.” A more literal
|
|
|
+ translation might be “What you’ve ordered is too much. The phrase Nǐ jiàode
|
|
|
+ is a modifying phrase with the modified noun (perhaps “food” or “dishes”)
|
|
|
+ deleted.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Mápó dòufu: This is a peppery hot dish made of bean curd, finely chopped
|
|
|
+ beef or pork and hot bean paste. This dish is typical of the Szechwan style
|
|
|
+ of cooking, which is noted for hot spicy dishes.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>yúxiāng qiézi: This name literally means “fragrant-fish eggplant”.
|
|
|
+ However, there is no fish used in the preparation of the dish. It is made
|
|
|
+ with scallions, ginger, garlic, hot bean paste, vinegar and soy sauce.
|
|
|
+ Yúxiāng refers to a famous Szechwan manner of preparation which was
|
|
|
+ originally used to make fish dishes, but was later applied to other foods,
|
|
|
+ such as pork, beef, and eggplant.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>jīdīng: Earlier you saw the word jīpiān, “chicken slices”, now you see the
|
|
|
+ word jīdīng, which means “chicken cubes” or “diced chicken. Both are
|
|
|
+ commonly used in the names of dishes.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>gōngbǎo jīdīng: This is a famous dish which originated in Szechwan. It is
|
|
|
+ made with diced chicken, bamboo shoots, scallions, red peppers, soy sauce,
|
|
|
+ and garlic.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>xiārén guōba tāng; This is a shrimp and tomato soup into which squares of
|
|
|
+ dried crispy rice are dropped. These squares of rice bear some resemblance
|
|
|
+ to “rice crispies”. They are the crisp browned part of the rice left at the
|
|
|
+ bottom of the pot. As the crispy rice squares are poured into the hot soup,
|
|
|
+ a sizzling, crackling sound is given off.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>básī píngguo: This is a dessert made of apple slices Which are covered
|
|
|
+ with a light batter and deep fried. The fried apples are then dipped in a
|
|
|
+ hot mixture of sugar-syrup and sesame seeds. The apples are coated much in
|
|
|
+ the same way taffy apples are. These hot sugar-coated apples are then
|
|
|
+ dropped into a bowl of ice water, which hardens the sugar syrup covering
|
|
|
+ into a crisp candy coating. The result is a dessert which combines a number
|
|
|
+ of textures and tastes. The name for this dessert is translated many ways:
|
|
|
+ “spun taffy apples”, “caramel apple fritters”, “pulled silk apples”. Bananas
|
|
|
+ can also be prepared in this way.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A conversation between two Chinese friends who are out to dinner in a
|
|
|
+ Szechwan restaurant.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Dinner in a Szechwan Restaurant; China has a rich and varied tradition of
|
|
|
+ cooking, due to the size of the country, the many different foods available,
|
|
|
+ and the long history of its culture. The numberous styles of cooking may be
|
|
|
+ grouped into the following schools: The Northern School (Jīng cài), The
|
|
|
+ Sichuan School (Chuān Cài), The Húnán School (Xiāng Cài), The Shànghǎi
|
|
|
+ School (Hù Cài). The Fújiàn School (Mǐn Cài), The Canton School (Yuè Cài),
|
|
|
+ each with its own distinct style and famous dishes. It is common to find
|
|
|
+ restaurants representing most of these schools of cooking in many cities in
|
|
|
+ China.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Dāngrán hái yào yíge tāng: The speaker says “Naturally we'll also want a
|
|
|
+ soup.” because soup is a part of every Chinese meal, from the simplest lunch
|
|
|
+ to the most elaborate dinner. The reason for this is that, unless toasts are
|
|
|
+ being drunk, the Chinese do not drink beverages along with their meal. The
|
|
|
+ soup, which is served at the end of the meal, is the main liquid of the
|
|
|
+ meal.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <para>sháor (sháozi)/tiáogēng: The word sháor is used more in Peking, while
|
|
|
+ tiáogēng is used in other parts of the country, too.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Unit Vocabulary List</title></section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
<title>Unit 3</title>
|
|
|
<para/>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>kāndedǒng: This is a compound verb of result meaning “can read and
|
|
|
+ understand (it)”. Its negative counterpart is kànbudǒng, “can’t read and
|
|
|
+ understand (it)”. See Meeting Module. Reference Notes for Unit 1 for a
|
|
|
+ discussion of compound verbs of result.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tā xiěde zì, wǒ kānbudǒng.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can't read (understand) his writing.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Huánghuā Yú: The Seiaena Schelegelì is translated here as “yellow fish”.
|
|
|
+ It is sometimes referred to in Chinese as huáng yú. In English, it is also
|
|
|
+ called croaker, drum fish, or China Bass. Since the huánghuā yú is a fish
|
|
|
+ native to China, any American fish name given to it, such as croaker, is at
|
|
|
+ best only a rough equivalent.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Hóngshāo Yú: The “red-cooked” style of cooking involves stewing the meat,
|
|
|
+ or in this case, the fish, in soy sauce, sherry and water. It is called
|
|
|
+ “red-cooked” because of the reddish-brown color the soy sauce gives the
|
|
|
+ dish.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Cōngbào Niúròu: Beef with Spring Onions. Literally, this means “spring
|
|
|
+ onions-fried beef”. Bào is another method of cooking. It is similar to chǎo
|
|
|
+ “sauté”, but uses less oil and highet heat.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Zhàci Ròusī Tāng: Although translated here as “Szechwan Hot Pickled
|
|
|
+ Cabbage,” zhàci is properly made from mustard green roots preserved with
|
|
|
+ salt and hot pepper. It can be used to flavor foods or it can be eaten by
|
|
|
+ itself.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>mǐfǎn: This word refers to cooked rice. It can also refer to rice dishes,
|
|
|
+ such as chǎo fàn.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>huājuǎr: Flower-rolls are made of steamed bread, which has been shaped
|
|
|
+ into layers resembling petals.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>suàn yíxià zhàng: The verb suàn means “to figure, to calculate”. Suàn
|
|
|
+ zhàng means “to figure accounts”, “to calculate the bill”. Here the word
|
|
|
+ yíxià follows the verb. The use of yíxià after a verb has an effect similar
|
|
|
+ to reduplicating the verb, that is it makes the action more casual.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>zài hēibǎnshang xiězhe ne: -Zhe is the marker of DURATION of actions and
|
|
|
+ states. It indicates that an action or state lasted for an amount of time.
|
|
|
+ The marker ne, on the other hand, marks ONGOING (and therefore present)
|
|
|
+ actions or states. In this expression the marker -zhe tells us that at some
|
|
|
+ time the dishes CONTINUE in the state of being written on the blackboard,
|
|
|
+ and the marker ne tells us that that state is GOING ON now. -Zhe is used in
|
|
|
+ sentences to describe activities which last over a period of time, whether
|
|
|
+ that time is past, present or future. A verb plus -zhe in Chinese often
|
|
|
+ corresponds to the ’-ing’ form of the verb in English.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Zǒuzhe qù kéyi ma?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Can you get there by walking?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Wǒmen zuòzhe shuō huà, hǎo bu hao?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Let's sit awhile and talk, okay?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Míngtian wǎnshang, wǒmen shi zuòzhe chī, háishi
|
|
|
+ zhànzhe chī?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tomorrow night will it be a sit-down dinner or will
|
|
|
+ we eat standing up?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tā hái bìngzhe ne.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is still sick.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>gōngnóngbíng: This expression is a conglomeration of the words for
|
|
|
+ “worker”, gōngren, “farmer”, nóngmín, and “soldier”, bìng. Notice that the
|
|
|
+ first syllable (or only syllable) of each is used to make this abbreviated
|
|
|
+ form.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>chīdelái: This is a compound verb of result with the syllable -de-
|
|
|
+ inserted between the action verb and the ending verb. This pattern is ₍used
|
|
|
+ to express the meaning “able to ____”. Usually the second verb of the
|
|
|
+ compound expresses the specific result of the action, but here the verb lái
|
|
|
+ expresses only the general idea of result. (The verb lái in this position
|
|
|
+ has been called a “dummy result ending”. Qù can also be used this way.)
|
|
|
+ Although no specific result is expressed here, the pattern is still used
|
|
|
+ because it expresses the idea of “can” or “able to”.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Měiguo cài, wǒ zuòdelúi; Zhōngguo cài, wǒ
|
|
|
+ zuòbulái.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
|
|
|
+ food.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Měiguo cài, wǒ huì zuò; Zhōngguo cài, wǒ bú huì
|
|
|
+ zuò.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
|
|
|
+ food.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Three American women, who have spent the morning sightseeing, enter a
|
|
|
+ cafeteria in a park. It is lunchtime and there are many people. As the women
|
|
|
+ get in line to order, an attendant in the cafeteria comes up to them.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that in this situation the cafeteria attendant does not let the
|
|
|
+ foreigners stand in line for their food. Instead he waits on them getting
|
|
|
+ them special food when possible. The Chinese feel that foreigners are their
|
|
|
+ guests and should be treated accordingly.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Wǒ bù dōu kàndedǒng: Notice that the American woman chooses a rather
|
|
|
+ indirect way of letting the Chinese attendant know that she cannot read. In
|
|
|
+ the lines following, the attendant answers back simply suggesting some of
|
|
|
+ the more tasty dishes, a courteous and face-saving response.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Huì yòng, kěshi yòngde bú tài hǎo: This is another courteous response.
|
|
|
+ Here the American lets it be known that they can handle chopsticks, but does
|
|
|
+ so modestly.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Chīdelái ba?: Literally, “Was it edible?” or “Could you eat it?”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Three friends enter a restaurant in downtown Taipei at lunchtime. A waiter
|
|
|
+ comes up to them.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Wǒmen gāng cóng Mèiguo lái: In this sentence and the ones which follow the
|
|
|
+ American modestly explains their situation and then asks for help. The
|
|
|
+ waiter replies in a friendly and polite manner.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>yǒumíng: “To be famous”, literally, “to have a name”, is always negated
|
|
|
+ with méi.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Kǎo Yángròu: This is Mongolian Barbecued Lamb. It is thin slices of lamb
|
|
|
+ dipped in a sauce of soy sauce, scallions, Chinese parsley, sugar, and
|
|
|
+ sherry, and other condiments you can mix to your own taste, then grilled
|
|
|
+ quickly over high heat. This meal is prepared at specialty restaurants which
|
|
|
+ usually serve little else.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Shuàn Yángròu: This meal requires that a pot with a source of heat beneath
|
|
|
+ it (huǒguō, literally “fire pot”) be placed in the middle of the table.
|
|
|
+ Usually the pot is shaped in a ring with a chimney containing the heat
|
|
|
+ source in the center. Each guest cooks his meat and vegetables in the
|
|
|
+ boiling water of the fire pot, often with four or five people simultaneously
|
|
|
+ keeping track of their food as it is cooking. After his meat is cooked he
|
|
|
+ then dips it into various sauces and eats it. By the end of the meal, the
|
|
|
+ water in the pot has become a highly flavored soup. Fěnsī (see below) and
|
|
|
+ vegetables are then dropped into it, and it is eaten.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>chúle...yǐwài: This pattern is used to express the idea “except for...”,
|
|
|
+ “besides...”, or “aside from...”. The second part, yǐwài, is sometimes
|
|
|
+ omitted.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Wǒ chúle mǎi yìběn shū, hái yào mǎi yìběn
|
|
|
+ zázhì.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>In addition to buying one book, I also want to buy
|
|
|
+ one magazine.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>fěnsī: These are called “cellophane noodles” because their appearance is
|
|
|
+ clear and glass-like. They are made from pea-starch and are sometimes called
|
|
|
+ pea-starch noodles.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>zuóliào: This refers to various sauces used to dip the lamb in, and
|
|
|
+ therefore translates as “condiment”. In other contexts, zuóliào can mean
|
|
|
+ “ingredient”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>shuōde wǒ dōu è le: Here you see a verb, shuō, the syllable de, and the
|
|
|
+ result of the action of talking (wǒ dōu è le.) A literal translation of the
|
|
|
+ expression might be “Talk to (the point that) I'm already hungry.” The
|
|
|
+ marker de carries the meaning “to the point of”, “to the extent that” in
|
|
|
+ this expression.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>xiāng cài: A coarse, leafy, strong tasting type of parsley.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>This conversation takes place in late spring in Peking. A foreign student
|
|
|
+ talks with a few of his Chinese classmates.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>This conversation takes place in winter in Taipei. A foreign student and
|
|
|
+ some of his Chinese classmates are in a northern Chinese restaurant, waiting
|
|
|
+ for the food to come.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>běifāng cài: The syllable -fāng means “place” or “region”. It is added to
|
|
|
+ direction words to form the name of a place. Běifāng cài refers to Northern
|
|
|
+ Chinese cuisine. Nánfāng cài refers to cuisine south of the Yangtze river,
|
|
|
+ including the Shanghai school of cooking and the Cantonese school of
|
|
|
+ cooking. </para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes in Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>báobǐng: These are thin, wheat cakes, usually rolled out and cooked in
|
|
|
+ pairs that are separated before use. They resemble thin, French crepes in
|
|
|
+ appearance. They are eaten with dishes instead of rice.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Mùxu Ròu: This is a pork dish cooked with egg. It is eaten with báobǐng. A
|
|
|
+ spoonful of Mùxu Ròu is placed in the middle of a báobǐng. Then it is rolled
|
|
|
+ up and eaten.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>sùcài: This is a vegetable dish made with no meat sauces or flavorings at
|
|
|
+ all, and is therefore correctly called a vegetarian vegetable dish. Although
|
|
|
+ sùcài are made without the use of meat sauces or meat flavorings, they are
|
|
|
+ often artfully seasoned and formed in such a way that they resemble meat
|
|
|
+ very closely.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>xiāng: This is the adjectival verb “to be fragrant”. Zhège sùcài hěn
|
|
|
+ xiāng., could also be translated as “This vegetarian vegetable dish has a
|
|
|
+ good aroma”. The verb xiāng is often used when talking about food to refer
|
|
|
+ to dishes with garlic or ginger.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Miss Wang invites an American couple, Mr. and Mrs. White to her apartment
|
|
|
+ for dinner. They are just sitting down to dinner.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
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+ <para/>
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</section>
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- <section><title>Unit Vocabulary List</title></section>
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</section>
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- <section>
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+ <section>
|
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|
<title>Unit 4</title>
|
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- <para/>
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- <section><title>Part 1</title>
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- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
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- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
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+ <section>
|
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+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
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+ <section>
|
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+ <title>Reference List</title>
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+ </section>
|
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
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+ <para>dìng yìzhuō xí; “To arrange a formal dinner”, more literally “to make
|
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+ arrangements for a one table banquet”. The counter for xí, “a feast or
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+ banquet”, is -zhuō, “table”.</para>
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+ <para>duōshao qiánde biāozhǔn: “What price level”. Biāozhún literally means
|
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+ “standard”. Duōshao qiánde biāozhǔn could also be translated more literally
|
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+ as “a standard costing how much”, where duōshao qián “how much does it
|
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+ cost?” modifies biāozhǔn, “standard'.” You will also hear duōshao qián
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+ biāozhǔnde, with the marker de placed at the end of the phrase. In this case
|
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+ the whole phrase “what price level” modifies the noun jiǔxí, “banquet”,
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+ which has been left out of the sentence because it is understood.</para>
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+ <para>kè: This word for guest is interchangeable with kèren.</para>
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+ <para>duōbàn: “Most of...”. Duōbàn is a noun and is used in the subject
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+ position.</para>
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+ <para>
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+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Tāmen duōbàn dōu bú qù.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Most of them are not going.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Duōbàn shi niàn Zhōngwén ne.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Most of them are studying Chinese.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable>
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+ </para>
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+ <para>ràng wǒmen pěi...: “Have us select...”, or more literally “allow us to
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+ select...”. The verb pel means “to match”. Dishes are matched to make a
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+ formal menu in Chinese.</para>
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+ <para>lěngpán: “Cold dishes” or appetizers start off the menu in a formal
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+ Chinese dinner. Four cold dishes followed by six to eight main courses, a
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+ soup and a dessert is one type of menu arrangement used for formal dinners.
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+ Four cold dishes, four sautéed dishes and four main dishes, soup and dessert
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+ in another type of formal menu.</para>
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+ <para>Cold dishes are usually prepared so as to be pleasing to the eye as well
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+ as the palate. Cold cooked meats and vegetables are arranged in colorful
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+ designs.</para>
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+ <para>jiǔ: Literally, this means “liquor”. It is a term referring to any kind of
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+ alcoholic beverage from light beers and wine to hard liquor.</para>
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+ <para>Ěméi Cāntīng; This is the name of a restaurant offering Szechwan style
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+ cuisine. Omei (fimái) is the name of a mountain range running through
|
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+ Szechwan.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
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|
+ <section><title>Dialogue in Peking</title><para>A conversation on the telephone.</para>
|
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+ <para/></section>
|
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|
+ <section><title>Notes following Dialogue 1</title><para>Nǐ yào duōshao qián biāozhǔnde?: In restaurants in Peking, dinners for a group of people can
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+ be arranged on a price per person basis. The restaurants often have several
|
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+ standard priced menus to choose from.</para>
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+ <para>Yíge dà lěngpǎn: One large cold platter instead of several smaller cold
|
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+ dishes may be used in making up the menu for a dinner. One large cold
|
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+ platter, eight main courses, a soup and a dessert is another type of menu
|
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|
+ for a dinner.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
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+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
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+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry>12.</entry>
|
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|
+ <entry>Hóngshāo Yúchì</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
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|
+ <entry>Red-cooked Shark's Fin</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
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|
+ <entry>13.</entry>
|
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|
+ <entry>Xiāngsū Yā</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
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|
+ <entry>Fragrant Crispy Duck</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>14.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Gānshāo Míngxiā</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Dry-cooked Jumbo Shrimp Szechuan Style</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>15.</entry>
|
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+ <entry>Fùguì Jī</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Beggar's Chicken</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>16.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Tángcù Yú</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Sweet and Sour Fish</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>17.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mìzhī Huǒtuǐ</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Ham in Honey Sauce</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>18.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Dōnggua Zhōng</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Winter Melon Soup served in the Carved Melon
|
|
|
+ Shell</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>19.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Bābǎo Fàn</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Eight Jewel Rice</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>20.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Xìngrén Dòufu</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Almond Pudding</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para></section>
|
|
|
+ <section><title>Notes on Vocabulary №12-20</title><para>Hóngshāo Yúchì: Shark’s Fin is considered a delicacy by the Chinese because it is rare,
|
|
|
+ nutritious and has a smooth, chewy texture when cooked. Some people think
|
|
|
+ that it is best prepared in the red-cooked style.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Xiāngsū Yā: Fragrant Crispy Duck is marinated and steamed with onions,
|
|
|
+ wine, ginger, pepper and anise, then deep fried quickly for a crispy result.
|
|
|
+ This method of preparing duck is an example of southern style
|
|
|
+ cooking.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Fùguì Jī: “Beggar’s Chicken” is a whole chicken wrapped in wet clay, then
|
|
|
+ roasted until very tender. It is said that this method of preparation was
|
|
|
+ first used by beggars. Originally this dish was called Jiǎohua Jī, literally
|
|
|
+ “Beggar's Chicken”; but as the dish became popular among the upper class,
|
|
|
+ the name changed to Fùguì Jī, literally “Riches and Honor Chicken”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Dōnggua Zhōng: Winter melon, mushrooms, and ham go into this soup. On
|
|
|
+ festive occasions the melon shell is carved with decorations, such as
|
|
|
+ dragons, and used as a bowl for serving the soup. This is a Cantonese
|
|
|
+ specialty.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Xìngrěn Dòufu: This is translated here as “Almond Pudding”. Because
|
|
|
+ Xìngrén Dòufu, with its light consistency, is somewhere between a pudding
|
|
|
+ and a gelatin, “Almond Gelatin” would also be a fitting translation of the
|
|
|
+ name.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Bābǎo Fàn: “Eight Jewel Rice”. This is sweet sticky rice (nòmǐ) with
|
|
|
+ preserved fruits. The rice is shaped into a mound and decorated with some of
|
|
|
+ the preserved fruit.</para></section>
|
|
|
+ <section><title>Dialogue in Taipei</title><para>An American woman calls a restaurant in Táiběi.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/></section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section><title>Notes on Part 2</title><para>zhǔkè: At a Chinese banquet the guest of honor sits farthest away from the door, the
|
|
|
+ inner-most place in the room. The host sits nearest the door, on the serving
|
|
|
+ side of the table.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Bié jǐn gěi wo jiǎn cài: This expression is often used at dinner parties.
|
|
|
+ It is good hospitality for the host or hostess to serve the guests
|
|
|
+ individually from time to time, picking out tender morsels for them. Fellow
|
|
|
+ guests may also do this for the guest of honor.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>gān yìbēi: Drink a glass”, literally “dry a glass” (meaning “o make the
|
|
|
+ glass dry by emptying it”). Since wine cups are small, the usual toast is
|
|
|
+ Gān bēi!. “Bottoms up!” For people who don't like to drink too much, the
|
|
|
+ phrase Suíyì, “As you like”, will serve as a reply indicating that the whole
|
|
|
+ cup need not be emptied. See the note on suíyì below.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Zuì jī: “Drunken Chicken”. The name of this dish comes from the way in
|
|
|
+ which it is prepared. The verb zuì “to get drunk”, refers to the fact that
|
|
|
+ the chicken is marinated in wine at least over-night. This dish originates
|
|
|
+ with the Shanghai school of cooking. It is served cold.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Wǒ bú huì hē jiǔ. Dàjiā dōu suíyì ba.: Chinese drinking etiquette requires
|
|
|
+ that if someone doesn’t want to participate in the full range of drinking
|
|
|
+ activities, he should so indicate early on.</para></section>
|
|
|
+ <section><title>Dialogue in Peking</title><para></para></section>
|
|
|
+ <section><title>Notes following Part 2 Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Most of the entertaining at a Chinese dinner party takes place at the
|
|
|
+ dinner table, although there is some tea drinking and chatting both before
|
|
|
+ and after the meal in other rooms. The dinner is served at a leisurely pace
|
|
|
+ so that each dish may be savored and talked about. A good dish is
|
|
|
+ appreciated for its appearance as much as its taste, texture and aroma. As
|
|
|
+ each dish is eaten, toasts will be made. The host will start off by toasting
|
|
|
+ the guest of honor and then other guests as a group. As the evening
|
|
|
+ progresses he will toast each guest in turn and each guest will probably
|
|
|
+ propose a toast of his own in honor of the host. A strongly flavored liquor
|
|
|
+ (gāoliang jiǔ). a milder rice wine (huáng jiǔ). or beer may be served.
|
|
|
+ Guests usually drink only when toasting. If you'd like to take a drink of
|
|
|
+ something you either propose a toast or catch someon's eye and silently
|
|
|
+ toast each other.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>mànmār chī In sentences expressing commands or requests, an adjectival
|
|
|
+ verb describing manner precedes the main verb.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Kuài yìdiǎr kāi!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Drive a little faster!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Kuài lái!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Come here quickly!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the sentence, mànmār chī, the adjectival verb coming before the main
|
|
|
+ verb, màn, is reduplicated with the second syllable changing to a high tone.
|
|
|
+ This also happens in a few other instances.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Kuàikuārde chī!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Quickly eat!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Hǎohāode zuò!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do it well!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section><title>Notes on Part 3</title><para>jìng: This is the verb “to offer (something) respectfully”. It is used here ceremonially in
|
|
|
+ the phrase “offer her a glass” meaning “to toast her”.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Juǎnqilai: This compound verb is made of juǎn. “to roll”, qǐ, “to rise, go
|
|
|
+ or come up”, and lái “to come”. Both Peking Duck and Mùxu Ròu are eaten
|
|
|
+ rolled up in pancakes.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Xūn Jī: For this dish, chicken is smoked in a vapor from burning tea
|
|
|
+ leaves. This example of Peking cuisine is served as a cold dish or a hot
|
|
|
+ dish.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Zhá Xiāqiú: Zhá is the verb “to deep fry”. This is a Shanghai dish of
|
|
|
+ shredded shrimp shaped into balls and then deep fried.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>jiàng: “Paste”. The paste which is eaten with Peking Duck is
|
|
|
+ tiánmiànjiàng. “sweet bean paste”.</para></section>
|
|
|
+ <section><title>Dialogue in Taipei</title><para></para></section>
|
|
|
+ <section><title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 3</title><para></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Wǒ zìjī lái: This is a polite way for a guest to respond when the host has
|
|
|
+ been serving him specially.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Xià yícì wǒmen kéyi zài lái zhèli chī Kǎo Yā.: The use of the phrase xià
|
|
|
+ yícì makes it sound as if they are making definite plans about the next time
|
|
|
+ they come to eat here, when in fact they are Just talking generally about
|
|
|
+ some future time. In English, we use “sometime” rather than “next time”, as
|
|
|
+ in “We'll have to get together again sometime.”</para></section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title><para></para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Foods</title><para></para>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Unit Vocabulary List</title></section>
|
|
|
- <section><title>Foods</title></section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
