travail sur les modules complémentaires

FSI-Chinese-MOD5-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD5.xml

@@ -896,30 +896,8 @@
                 of their names and Chinese-style names.<emphasis/></para>
         </section>
     </preface>
-
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook.xml"/>
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD2-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD2-Textbook.xml"/>
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD3-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD3-Textbook.xml"/>
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD4-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD4-Textbook.xml"/>
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD5-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD5-Textbook.xml"/>
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD6-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD6-Textbook.xml"/>
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD7-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD7-Textbook.xml"/>
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD8-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD8-Textbook.xml"/>
-
-
-    <!--
-        
-    <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD9-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD9-Textbook.xml"/>
     
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-    <xi:include href=""/>
-        -->
+       <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD5-Textbook.xml"/>
+    
+    
 </book>

FSI-Chinese-MOD5-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD5.xml.bak

@@ -0,0 +1,903 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/rng/docbookxi.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
+<book xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0" xml:lang="en">
+    <info>
+        <title>Standard Chinese</title>
+        <subtitle>A modular Approach</subtitle>
+        <author>
+            <orgname>Sponsored by Agencies of the United States and Canadian governments</orgname>
+        </author>
+
+    </info>
+    <preface>
+        <title>Colophon</title>
+        <para>This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel
+            as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning
+            the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</para>
+        <para>Defense Language Institute </para>
+        <para>Foreign Language Center </para>
+        <para>Nonresident Training Division </para>
+        <para>Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006</para>
+        <para> Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be
+            considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the
+            language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in
+            positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this
+            nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial
+            statements—whether real or apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as
+            representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense. </para>
+        <para>Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional
+            materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such
+            proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the
+            language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise,
+            nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not
+            mentioned. </para>
+        <para>In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both masculine and
+            feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language
+            texts. </para>
+        <para>The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the
+            customer does net constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for
+            profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit
+            setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC. </para>
+        <note>
+            <para>This course was formatted by Eric Streit (eric@yojik.eu) using the docbook format
+                from the pdf scanned documents found on:</para>
+
+            <para>https://fsi-language.yojik.eu</para>
+            <para>Ronald Grenier (Demi Puppet) is helping a lot with digitizing, proofreading!
+                Thanks a lot.</para>
+            <para> You can find the pdf, epub, odt versions on https://git.yojik.eu/ (whole book or
+                separate lessons)</para>
+
+            <para>The document will be edited with traditional characters, and converted to
+                simplified later. The transformation from traditional to simplified is far more
+                accurate than the other way I intended to do.</para>
+            <para>The tones in the book sentences will match how the word would sound when spoken in
+                a sentence, not how it sounds in the dictionary. </para>
+            <para>I intend to do a French version later ….</para>
+
+        </note>
+
+    </preface>
+    <preface>
+        <title>Preface</title>
+        <para>Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an inter-agency conference held at
+            the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the
+            U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese
+            materials, to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</para>
+        <para> The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and
+            content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic
+            institutions. </para>
+        <para>A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central
+            Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State
+            Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security
+            Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
+            Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and
+            John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major
+            Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama
+            (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
+            (CFFLS). </para>
+        <para>The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 1974 in space provided
+            at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies
+            provided funds and other assistance. </para>
+        <para>Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed
+            consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor
+            of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James
+            Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
+            project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R.
+            Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and
+            contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall
+            design for the materials and met regularly to review their development. </para>
+        <para>Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale,
+            and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with
+            the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the
+            instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also
+            designed the communications classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille
+            A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978
+            Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have
+            worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</para>
+        <para>All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi
+            Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for
+            part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna
+            Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus
+            of dialogues.</para>
+        <para> Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A.
+            Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola,
+            and Kathleen Strype. </para>
+        <para>The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign
+            Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen,
+            Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read
+            by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype. </para>
+        <para>The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute
+            Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of
+            Audio-Visual.</para>
+        <para> Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown
+            University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service
+            Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the
+            University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia. </para>
+        <para>Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense
+            Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for
+            preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination,
+            graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry
+            out these tasks.</para>
+        <para>
+            <inlinemediaobject>
+                <imageobject>
+                    <imagedata
+                        fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-1.png"
+                        align="right"/>
+                </imageobject>
+            </inlinemediaobject></para>
+    </preface>
+    <preface>
+        <title>Introduction</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>About the course</title>
+            <para>This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken Standard
+                Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it. Although Standard
+                Chinese is one language, there are differences between the particular form it takes
+                in Beijing and the form it takes in the rest of the country. There are also, of
+                course, significant non-linguistic differences between regions of the country.
+                Reflecting these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are
+                Beijing and Taipei.</para>
+            <para> This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign languages. In
+                many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student, of classwork and homework,
+                and of text and tape. Here is what you should expect: </para>
+            <itemizedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations—the
+                        obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be
+                        communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not
+                        always be talking about real situations, but you will almost always be
+                        purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>This focus on communicating means that the teacher is first of all your
+                        conversational partner. Anything that forces him<footnote>
+                            <para>As used in this course, the words “he,” “him,” and “Ms” are
+                                intended to include both masculine and feminine genders.
+                                (Translations of foreign language material not included.)</para>
+                        </footnote> back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drill-master
+                        limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the Chinese language
+                        and to experience the language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and
+                        responsiveness.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course
+                        activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are for.
+                        They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much additional
+                        practice as possible without a conversational partner.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new
+                        material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you have
+                        covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time listening to
+                        Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes or in
+                        class.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </itemizedlist>
+            <para>
+                <emphasis role="bold">How the Course Is Organized</emphasis>
+            </para>
+            <para>The subtitle of this course, “A Modular Approach,” refers to overall organization
+                of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular situations or language
+                topics and which allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in what
+                order. To highlight equally significant features of the course, the subtitle could
+                just as well have been “A Situational Approach,” “A Taped-Input Approach,” or “A
+                Communicative Approach.”</para>
+            <para>Ten situational modules form the core of the course: <informaltable frame="none"
+                    rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                    <tgroup cols="2">
+                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1"/>
+                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2"/>
+                        <tbody>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>ORIENTATION (ORN)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about who you are and where you are from.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about your background, family, studies, and
+                                    occupation and about your visit to China. </entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>MONEY (MON)</entry>
+                                <entry>Making purchases and changing money.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>DIRECTIONS (DIR)</entry>
+                                <entry>Asking directions in a city or in a building.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>TRANSPORTATION (TRN)</entry>
+                                <entry>Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding
+                                    out schedule information, buying tickets, and making
+                                    reservations.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)</entry>
+                                <entry>Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together,
+                                    changing the time of an appointment, and declining an
+                                    invitation.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>SOCIETY (SOC)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about families, relationships between people,
+                                    cultural roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in
+                                    modern society.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)</entry>
+                                <entry>Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the
+                                    Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>LIFE IH CHINA (LIC)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about daily life in <foreignphrase
+                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> street
+                                    committees, leisure activities, traffic and transportation,
+                                    buying and rationing, housing. </entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)</entry>
+                                <entry>Talking about government and party policy changes described
+                                    in newspapers the educational system agricultural policy,
+                                    international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the
+                                    arts.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </tgroup>
+                </informaltable></para>
+            <para>Each core module consists of tapes, a student textbook, and a workbook.</para>
+            <para> In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and OPTIONAL
+                modules. Resource modules teach particular systems in the language, such as numbers
+                and dates. As you proceed through a situational core module, you will occasionally
+                take time out to study part of a resource module. (You will begin the first three of
+                these while studying the Orientation Module.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0"
+                    colsep="0">
+                    <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
+                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <tbody>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R)</entry>
+                                <entry>The sound system of Chinese and the Pinyin system of
+                                    romanization.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>NUMBERS (NUM)</entry>
+                                <entry>Numbers up to five digits. </entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)</entry>
+                                <entry>Expressions basic to the classroom learning
+                                    situation.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>TIME AND DATES (T&amp;D)</entry>
+                                <entry>Dates, days of the week, clock time, parts of the
+                                    day.</entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry>GRAMMAR</entry>
+                                <entry>Aspect and verb types, word order, multisyllabic verbs and
+                                    auxiliary verbs, complex sentences, adverbial expressions.
+                                </entry>
+                            </row>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </tgroup>
+                </informaltable></para>
+            <para>Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.</para>
+            <para>The eight optional modules focus on particular situations: </para>
+            <para>
+                <itemizedlist>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>RESTAURANT (RST)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>HOTEL (HTL)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para> POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>CAR (CAR)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, MD DEATH (MBD)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (I&amp;O) </para>
+                    </listitem>
+                </itemizedlist>
+            </para>
+            <para>Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional modules may
+                be used at any time after certain core modules, </para>
+            <para>The diagram on page <xref linkend="Image-1"/> shows how the core modules, optional
+                modules, and resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown
+                where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be
+                introduced.</para>
+            <mediaobject>
+                <imageobject>
+                    <imagedata fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/diagram.png"
+                        xml:id="Image-1" width="14cm"/>
+                </imageobject>
+            </mediaobject>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Inside a Core Module </emphasis></para>
+            <para>Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes: </para>
+            <itemizedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Objectives</emphasis>: The module objectives are
+                        listed at the beginning of the text for each module. Read these before
+                        starting work on the first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to
+                        accomplish and what you will have to do to pass the test at the end of the
+                        module.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Target Lists</emphasis>: These follow the objectives
+                        in the text. They summarize the language content of each unit in the form of
+                        typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is
+                        given both in romanized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate
+                        Target List before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need
+                        to pull together what is in the unit.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Review Tapes</emphasis> (R-l): The Target List
+                        sentences are given on these tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module,
+                        there are two R-l tapes for each module.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Criterion Test</emphasis>: After studying each
+                        module, you will take a Criterion Test to find out which module objectives
+                        you have met and which you need to work on before beginning to study another
+                        module.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </itemizedlist>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Inside a Unit </emphasis></para>
+            <para>Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work through two
+                tapes: </para>
+            <orderedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Comprehension Tape 1 (C-1)</emphasis>: This tape
+                        introduces all the new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear
+                        them in the context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them
+                        into other short conversations and longer passages for listening practice,
+                        and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences. Your goal when using
+                        the tape is to understand all the Target List sentences for the unit.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Production Tape 1 (P-1)</emphasis>: This tape gives
+                        you practice in pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you
+                        learned to understand on the C-1 tape. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is
+                        to be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chinese when given
+                        the English equivalent. </para>
+                    <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are “portable,” in
+                        the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are
+                        some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into your
+                        study routine. A text <emphasis role="italic">Reference List</emphasis> at
+                        the beginning of each unit contains the sentences from the C-1 and P-1
+                        tapes. It includes both the Chinese sentences and their English equivalents.
+                        The text <emphasis role="italic">Reference Notes</emphasis> restate and
+                        expand the comments made on the C-1 and P-1 tapes concerning grammar,
+                        vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture. After you have worked with the C-1
+                        and P-1 tapes, you go on to two class activities:</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Target List Review</emphasis>: In this first class
+                        activity of the unit, you find out how well you learned the C-1 and P-1
+                        sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and production of the
+                        Target List sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary
+                        items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the C-1 and
+                        P-1 tapes.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Structural Buildup</emphasis>: During this class
+                        activity, you work on your understanding and control of the new structures
+                        in the unit. You respond to questions from your teacher about situations
+                        illustrated on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.</para>
+                    <para>After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time
+                        working on the drills for the unit.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Drill Tape</emphasis>: This tape takes you through
+                        various types of drills based on the Target List sentences and on the
+                        additional required vocabulary.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Drills</emphasis>: The teacher may have you go over
+                        some or all of the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the
+                        tape, to review the tape, or to replace it. </para>
+                    <para>Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much additional
+                        practice as possible outside of class.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2)</emphasis>: This tape
+                        provides advanced listening practice with exercises containing long, varied
+                        passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In
+                        the C-2 Workbook you answer questions about the passages.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Production Tape 2 (P-2)</emphasis>: This tape
+                        resembles the Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new
+                        structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides
+                        instructions and displays of information for each exercise.</para>
+                    <para>Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class
+                        activities:</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Exercise Review</emphasis>: The teacher reviews the
+                        exercises of the C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and
+                        questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by
+                        questioning you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Communication Activities</emphasis>: Here you use
+                        what you have learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of
+                        information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication Games) and
+                        real-world situations involving you and your classmates (in "interviews")
+                        are used.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </orderedlist>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Materials and Activities for a Unit</emphasis></para>
+            <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                <tgroup cols="3">
+                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <thead>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry align="center">TAPED
+                                MATERIALS<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff"?></entry>
+                            <entry align="center">WRITTEN
+                                MATERIALS<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
+                            <entry align="center">CLASS
+                                ACTIVITIES<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
+                        </row>
+                    </thead>
+                    <tbody>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>C-1, P-1 Tapes</entry>
+                            <entry>
+                                <para>Target List </para>
+                                <para>Reference List</para>
+                                <para>Reference Notes</para>
+                            </entry>
+                            <entry>Target List Review</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry align="center">——————-</entry>
+                            <entry align="center">——————-</entry>
+                            <entry>Structural Buildup</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>D-1 Tapes</entry>
+                            <entry>Drills</entry>
+                            <entry>Drills </entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>C-2, P-2 Tapes</entry>
+                            <entry>
+                                <para>Reference Notes</para>
+                                <para>C-2, P-2 Workbooks</para>
+                            </entry>
+                            <entry>Exercise Review</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry align="center">——————-</entry>
+                            <entry align="center">——————-</entry>
+                            <entry>Communication Activities</entry>
+                        </row>
+                    </tbody>
+                </tgroup>
+            </informaltable>
+
+            <figure>
+                <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wén wǔ</foreignphrase> Temple in
+                    central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</title>
+                <para>By Photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas or alternatively © CEphoto, Uwe Aranas, CC
+                    BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51438668<inlinemediaobject>
+                        <imageobject>
+                            <imagedata
+                                fileref="../../../../T%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargements/1008px-Sun-Moon-Lake_Taiwan_Wen-Wu-Temple-01.jpg"
+                            />
+                        </imageobject>
+                    </inlinemediaobject></para>
+
+
+                <mediaobject>
+                    <imageobject>
+                        <imagedata
+                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-3.png"
+                            align="center"/>
+                    </imageobject>
+                </mediaobject>
+            </figure>
+            <para> </para>
+        </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
+        <section>
+            <title>Background Notes: About Chinese</title>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">The Chinese Languages</emphasis></para>
+            <para> We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called “Chinese.” We say,
+                for example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that
+                Confucius wrote in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never
+                think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects
+                of one language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language.
+                But the facts are almost exactly parallel.</para>
+            <para>Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to home,
+                “Chinese” is not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius
+                is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a literary
+                language long after its death as a spoken language in popular use. The seven modern
+                languages of China, traditionally known as the “dialects,” are the branches of the
+                tree. They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and
+                Portuguese, and are about as different from one another. </para>
+            <para>The predominant language of China is now known as <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>, or “Standard Chinese”
+                (literally “the common speech”). The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóyǔ</foreignphrase>, or “Mandarin”
+                (literally “the national language”). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost
+                two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of the
+                country. </para>
+            <para>The term “Standard Chinese” is often used more narrowly to refer to the true
+                national language which is emerging. This language, which is already the language of
+                all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the Peking dialect, but takes in
+                elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese
+                languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken,
+                and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in
+                pronunciation. </para>
+            <para>The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in
+                grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other
+                Chinese languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final
+                consonants. </para>
+            <para>The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter of the
+                population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River.
+                The six are: the Wu group (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Wú</foreignphrase>), which includes the “Shanghai dialect”; Hunanese
+                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāng</foreignphrase>); the “Kiangsi
+                dialect” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn</foreignphrase>); Cantonese
+                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuè</foreignphrase>), the language of
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase>, widely
+                spoken in Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese (<foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǐn</foreignphrase>), a variant of which is spoken by
+                a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (<foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kèjiā</foreignphrase>), spoken in a belt above the
+                Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka
+                are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia. </para>
+            <para>There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese languages. Some of
+                these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the Chinese languages. Others, such
+                as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated. </para>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Some Characteristics of Chinese</emphasis>
+            </para>
+            <para>To us, perhaps the roost striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of
+                variation in tone (“tones” to distinguish the different meanings of syllables which
+                would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese is no exception, make use of
+                sentence intonation to indicate how whole sentences are to be understood. In
+                English, for example, the rising pattern in “He’s gone?” tells us that the sentence
+                is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter.
+                They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An inherent
+                part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four distinctive tones. The tone
+                does just as much to distinguish the syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For
+                example, the only difference between the verb “to buy,” <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi</foreignphrase> and the verb “to sell,”
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase>, is the Low tone
+                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">ˇ̆</foreignphrase>) and the Falling tone
+                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">`</foreignphrase>). And yet these words are
+                Just as distinguishable as our words “buy” and “guy,” or “buy” and “boy.” Apart from
+                the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no more different from English
+                than French is. </para>
+            <para>Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, there are
+                no conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have
+                fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese
+                grammar relies heavily on word order, and often the word order is the same as in
+                English. For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to
+                speak as one might think. </para>
+            <para>It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a
+                good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in
+                ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in
+                the dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always
+                be broken down into single-syllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone
+                as words. </para>
+
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">Written Chinese</emphasis>
+            </para>
+            <para>Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet. The
+                letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the principle is
+                the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese,
+                however, is written with “characters” which stand for whole syllables—in fact, for
+                whole syllables with particular meanings. Although there are only about thirteen
+                hundred phonetically distinct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several
+                thousand Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each
+                single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the same
+                pronunciation but are written with different characters, as <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>, “sky,” <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>, “to add,” “to increase,”
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">添</foreignphrase>. Chinese characters are
+                often referred to as “ideographs” which suggests that they stand directly for ideas.
+                But this is misleading. It is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful
+                syllables of the spoken language. </para>
+            <para>Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These
+                thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand
+                words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to
+                reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast
+                extension in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character
+                simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per character by
+                half. </para>
+            <para>During the past century, various systems have been proposed for representing the
+                sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet. One of these romanizations,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hànyǔ</foreignphrase>
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pīnyīn</foreignphrase> (literally “Chinese
+                Language Spelling,” generally called “Pinyin” in English), has been adopted
+                officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students the
+                Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is the use of Pinyin
+                for written communication throughout the country. This is not possible, of course,
+                until speakers across the nation have uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese.
+                For the time being, characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are
+                still the most widely accepted way of communicating in writing. </para>
+            <para>Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except “<emphasis role="bold"
+                    >v</emphasis>,” and adds the letter “<emphasis role="bold">ü</emphasis>.” The
+                spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather arbitrary from our point of
+                view, but for every consonant sound there is only one letter or one combination of
+                letters, and vice versa. You will find that each vowel letter can stand for
+                different vowel sounds, depending on what letters precede or follow it in the
+                syllable. The four tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the
+                Neutral tone by the absence of an accent mark: </para>
+            <para>High: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mā</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Falling: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mà</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Rising: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">má</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Neutral: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Low: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎ</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read,
+                with the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a
+                stronger reason for retaining them is that the characters help keep alive
+                distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of meaning between words,
+                which are fading in the spoken language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn
+                to speak Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can
+                learn several thousand characters. </para>
+            <para>Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written representation
+                of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly responsible for the reputation
+                of Chinese as a difficult language, are taught separately. </para>
+
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</emphasis>
+            </para>
+            <para>Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There are very
+                few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed direction, length, and
+                contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written with a brush, the classical
+                writing instrument, show up clearly even in printed characters. You can tell from
+                the varying thickness of the stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and
+                how it lifted; these effects are largely lost in characters written with a
+                ball-point pen. </para>
+            <para>The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s take the character for
+                “mouth,” pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǒu</foreignphrase>.
+                Here it is as normally written, with the order and directions of the strokes
+                indicated.</para>
+            <figure>
+                <title>Strokes order</title>
+                <mediaobject>
+                    <imageobject>
+                        <imagedata
+                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-4.png"
+                            align="center"/>
+                    </imageobject>
+                </mediaobject>
+            </figure>
+            <para>If the character is written rapidly, in “running-style writing,” one stroke glides
+                into the next, like this. </para>
+            <figure>
+                <title>Running style writing </title>
+                <mediaobject>
+                    <imageobject>
+                        <imagedata
+                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-11.png"
+                            align="center"/>
+                    </imageobject>
+                </mediaobject>
+            </figure>
+            <para>If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different
+                distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and anticipated the
+                next, and the character would be illegible.</para>
+            <para>The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang Dynasty “oracle
+                bones” of about 1500 B.C. , already included characters that vent beyond simple
+                pictorial representation. There are some characters in use today which are
+                pictorial, like the character for “mouth.” There are also some which are directly
+                symbolic, like our Roman numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these
+                numbers—the first numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals
+                turned on their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our
+                Arabic numerals 1, 2, and 3. But the most common type of character is complex,
+                consisting of two parts: a “phonetic,” which suggests the pronunciation, and a
+                “radical,” which broadly characterizes the meaning. Let’s take the following
+                character as an example. </para>
+            <figure>
+                <title>Running style writing </title>
+                <mediaobject>
+                    <imageobject>
+                        <imagedata
+                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-5.png"
+                            align="center"/>
+                    </imageobject>
+                </mediaobject>
+            </figure>
+            <para>This character means “ocean” and is pronounced <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>. The left side of the character,
+                the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a character which means “water” and
+                is pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuǐ</foreignphrase>. This
+                is the “radical.” It has been borrowed only for its meaning, "water.” The right side
+                of the character above is a character which means "sheep” and is pronounced
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>. This is the
+                “phonetic.” It has been borrowed only for its sound value, <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>. A speaker of Chinese
+                encountering the above character for the first time could probably figure out that
+                the only Chinese word that sounds like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >yáng</foreignphrase> and means something like “water,” is the word
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase> meaning “ocean,”
+                We, as speakers of English, might not be able to figure it out. Moreover, phonetics
+                and radicals seldom work as neatly as in this example. But we can still learn to
+                make good use of these hints at sound and sense. </para>
+            <para>Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals. According to one
+                of the two dictionary systems used, there are 176 radicals; in the other system,
+                there are 214. There are over a thousand phonetics.</para>
+            <para>Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of the page,
+                starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that the first page is
+                where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese
+                publications paginate like Western publications, and the characters are written
+                horizontally, from left to right.</para>
+            <para><emphasis role="bold">BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES
+                </emphasis></para>
+            <para>A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There
+                is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last. </para>
+            <para>The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by
+                a two-syllable given name:<footnote>
+                    <para>The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of romanization.
+                        The second parenthesized version is the conventional, or anglicized,
+                        spelling.</para>
+                </footnote></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Zédōng</foreignphrase> (Mao
+                Tse-tung)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu Ēnlái</foreignphrase> (Chou
+                En-lai)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng Jièshí</foreignphrase> (Chiang
+                Kai-shek)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Qìnglíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
+                Chʽing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Měilíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
+                Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</para>
+            <para>It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single
+                syllable:</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhū Dé </foreignphrase> (Chu De) :
+                Marshal Zhu De, the communist general <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                    >朱德</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Biāo</foreignphrase> (Lin Piao) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Shì</foreignphrase> (Hu Shih) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng Qīng</foreignphrase> (Chiang
+                Chʽing—Mme Mao Tse-tung) </para>
+            <para>There are a few two-syllable surnames. </para>
+            <para>These are usually followed by single-syllable given names: </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmǎ Guāng</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
+                Kuang) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ōuyáng Xiū</foreignphrase> (Ou-yang
+                Hsiu) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhūgě Liàng</foreignphrase> (Chu-ke
+                Liang) </para>
+            <para>But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmǎ Xiāngrú</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
+                Hsiang-ju) </para>
+            <para>An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a
+                single character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable
+                surnames sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to
+                distinguish them, the Chinese nay occasionally have to describe the character or
+                “write” it with a finger on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely
+                to encounter are fever than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that
+                they account for a good majority of China’s population. </para>
+            <para>Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of
+                characters, Men’s names are often but not always distinguishable from women’s; the
+                difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not
+                readily apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of
+                characters.</para>
+            <para>Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use.
+                These titles closely parallel our own “Mr.,” “Mrs.,” and “Miss.” Notice, however,
+                that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full name or the surname
+                alone—rather than preceding it.</para>
+            <para>The title “Mr.” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>The title “Mrs.” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Tàitai</foreignphrase>. It follows the husband’s full name or surname alone. </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tàitai</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ Tàitai</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>The title “Miss” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase>. The Ma family’s grown daughter, <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Défēn</foreignphrase>, would be</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Défēn Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married woman does not take
+                her husband’s name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fang <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎolán</foreignphrase> marries Mr. <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ma Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>, she becomes Mrs,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>, but at the
+                same time she remains <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
+                    Bǎolán</foreignphrase>, She does not become <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Bǎolán</foreignphrase>; there is no equivalent of
+                “Mrs. Mary Smith.” She may, however, add her husband’s surname to her own full name
+                and refer to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Fāng
+                    Bǎolán</foreignphrase>. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para>These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various
+                parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the
+                PRC today: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase> should
+                not be used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class.
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase> should not be
+                used because it carries the connotation of being from a rich family. </para>
+            <para>In the People’s Republic, the title “Comrade,” <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase> is used in place of the
+                titles <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>, and
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎojiě</foreignphrase>.
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase> would
+                be:</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para>The title “Comrade” is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A
+                married woman does not take her husband’s name in any sense. <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>’s wife would be: </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Bǎolán
+                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para>Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s surname at birth. In
+                some families one child has the father’s surname, and another child has the mother’s
+                surname. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>’s and
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Bǎolán</foreignphrase>’s grown
+                daughter could be </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Tŏngzhì </foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ Děfēn Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Their grown son could be </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Zìqiáng
+                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para>Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of
+                respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these
+                will be introduced later in the course. </para>
+            <para>The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration.
+                In the People’s Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to
+                foreign names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they
+                might be, since the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in
+                non-phonetic considerations. (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use
+                characters with attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not
+                at all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of “David Anderson”
+                is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàiwěi Āndésēn</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para>An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese
+                name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, “David Anderson”
+                might be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">An Dàwèi</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para>Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname,
+                semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example,
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>, a common Chinese
+                surname, means “king,” so “Daniel King” might be rendered <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para>Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic equivalents
+                of their names and Chinese-style names.<emphasis/></para>
+        </section>
+    </preface>
+    
+       <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD5-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD5-Textbook.xml"/>
+    
+    
+</book>

FSI-Chinese-MOD7-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD7-Textbook.xml

@@ -1085,7 +1085,8 @@
                                     <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">句</foreignphrase>
                                 </entry>
                                 <entry> sentence; counter for sentences or utterances, often
-                                    followed by huà, "speech" </entry>
+                                    followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >huà</foreignphrase>, "speech" </entry>
                             </row>
                             <row>
                                 <entry>
@@ -1297,7 +1298,7 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on №1</title>
-                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>: “to borrow“
+                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>: “to borrow”
                         [Also “to lend,” see Notes on No. 2.]<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                             colsep="0">
                             <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
@@ -1384,7 +1385,7 @@
                         </informaltable></para>
                     <para>For people, you may also use the common pattern <foreignphrase
                             xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèn... jiè...</foreignphrase>, literally
-                        “ask... borrow.”：<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                        “ask... borrow.”:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                             <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                 <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                 <tbody>
@@ -1427,7 +1428,7 @@
                         <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zháo</foreignphrase> in the verb
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                             >jiēdao</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
-                            >jiēzhao</foreignphrase>， “to receive,” in the Meeting module.</para>
+                            >jiēzhao</foreignphrase> “to receive,” in the Meeting module.</para>
                     <para> You need to know not only what the ending <foreignphrase
                             xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> means, but also when to
                         use it and when not to. This can't be summed up in one neat formula, but you
@@ -1463,7 +1464,7 @@
                                                 >我去借过，可是没借到。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                     </row>
                                     <row>
-                                        <entry> I went and tried to borrow it，but I didn't get
+                                        <entry> I went and tried to borrow it, but I didn't get
                                             it.</entry>
                                     </row>
                                 </tbody>
@@ -1527,7 +1528,7 @@
                                                 >在这儿看可以，不能借出去。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                     </row>
                                     <row>
-                                        <entry>You can read it here， but you can't take it
+                                        <entry>You can read it here, but you can't take it
                                             out.</entry>
                                     </row>
                                     <row>
@@ -1578,7 +1579,7 @@
                         You learned rang as “to let” in the Welfare module:</para>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng wǒ kànkan nǐde
                             hùzhào</foreignphrase> “Let me see your passport.” [<foreignphrase
-                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng</foreignphrase>： can also mean “to
+                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng</foreignphrase>: can also mean “to
                         have,” “To tell,”or “to make” someone do something.]<informaltable
                             frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                             <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
@@ -1614,7 +1615,7 @@
                         <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme xiǎoshuō? --ràng nǐ zhème
                             gāoxìng.</foreignphrase>: There is a pause after the question
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
-                            xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>, and the rest of the sentence， <foreignphrase
+                            xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>, and the rest of the sentence, <foreignphrase
                             xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng nǐ zhème gāoxìng.</foreignphrase> is
                         like an afterthought. Compare these examples:<informaltable frame="all"
                             rowsep="0" colsep="0">
@@ -1714,7 +1715,7 @@
                                 </tbody>
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
-                    <para>In sentence 2A，the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    <para>In sentence 2A, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                             >xiě</foreignphrase> is not new information because any novel must “be
                         written about” something. The object <foreignphrase
                             xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlùde qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> is new
@@ -1811,7 +1812,7 @@
                     </para>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase>:
                         “continent, mainland” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
-                            dàlù</foreignphrase> is “mainland China，”which may also be called
+                            dàlù</foreignphrase> is “mainland China, ”which may also be called
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase> for short
                         just as we say “the mainland.”</para>
                     <para>Other ways are by using the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
@@ -2262,7 +2263,7 @@
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéqī</foreignphrase> may also
                         be used without the counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                             >-ge</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
-                            >shàngxuéqī</foreignphrase>，<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >shàngxuéqī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                             >xiàxuéqī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                             >yìxuéqī</foreignphrase>, etc .</para>
                     <para>
@@ -2337,7 +2338,7 @@
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase>:
-                        “politics，political affairs ; political”</para>
+                        “politics, political affairs; political”</para>
                     <para>Keep in mind that because of China's political system, the word
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> has a
                         different set of meanings than we are used to. This is a large question
@@ -2526,7 +2527,7 @@
                                     </row>
                                     <row>
                                         <entry>
-                                            <para>You alvays ask me questions.</para>
+                                            <para>You always ask me questions.</para>
                                         </entry>
                                     </row>
                                     <row>
@@ -2618,7 +2619,7 @@
                                     <row>
                                         <entry>
                                             <para>It's great that you're studying, but after all,
-                                                you can't go without eating， can you?</para>
+                                                you can't go without eating, can you?</para>
                                         </entry>
                                     </row>
                                     <row>
@@ -2870,7 +2871,7 @@
                                     <row>
                                         <entry>
                                             <para>Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems.
-                                                (e.g., drugs， killings)</para>
+                                                (e.g., drugs, killings)</para>
                                         </entry>
                                     </row>
                                 </tbody>
@@ -2882,7 +2883,7 @@
                     <para/>
                     <para>
                         <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjué</foreignphrase>: “to feel;
-                        feeling” In7a，<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        feeling” In 7a, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                             >gǎnjué</foreignphrase> is used as a verb. Here are other
                             examples:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                             <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
@@ -3011,7 +3012,7 @@
                     <para> You will often split <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                             >lai</foreignphrase> from the verb by inserting an object like
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbēi chá</foreignphrase>, as
-                        in sentence In fact, in sentence 7B，<foreignphrase
+                        in sentence In fact, in sentence 7B, <foreignphrase
                             xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                             xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> must be split up;
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> may not
@@ -3986,7 +3987,7 @@
                                                   <entry>
                                                   <para> In the past whenever I have bought
                                                   (mail-order) books from Hong Kong, I have always
-                                                  paid by check (lit. ”sent a check”）.</para>
+                                                  paid by check (lit. ”sent a check”).</para>
                                                   </entry>
                                                 </row>
                                             </tbody>
@@ -3995,13 +3996,13 @@
                             </listitem>
                             <listitem>
                                 <para>Sentences with an auxiliary verb (<foreignphrase
-                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
-                                        >huì</foreignphrase>，<foreignphrase
-                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>,
+                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>,
+                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >néng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
+                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>,
                                         <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
-                                        >yào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
-                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnggāi</foreignphrase>,
-                                        etc.)<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                                        >yīnggāi</foreignphrase>, etc.)<informaltable frame="all"
+                                        rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                         <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                             <tbody>
@@ -4119,8 +4120,8 @@
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
                                                   <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
-                                                  >Mápó</foreignphrase> Beancurd usually has meat in
-                                                  it.</entry>
+                                                  >Mápó</foreignphrase> Bean curd usually has meat
+                                                  in it.</entry>
                                                 </row>
                                                 <row>
                                                   <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
@@ -18515,10 +18516,10 @@
                             <para>In English, “ He is dying” may look like an ongoing action, but it
                                 actually means "He is very near to passing from a living state to a
                                 dead state.” The passing itself is instantaneous. So to translate
-                                #He is dying” in Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g.,
+                                “He is dying” in Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g.,
                                     <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kuài yào sǐ
                                     le</foreignphrase>, “He is going to die soon”, or <foreignphrase
-                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huóbuháng le</foreignphrase>, #He
+                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huóbuháng le</foreignphrase>, “He
                                 won't live long.”</para>
                             <para/>
                         </footnote>Likewise, you have either arrived (<foreignphrase
@@ -20152,7 +20153,7 @@
                     <para>
                         <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāru</foreignphrase>: This is the
                         formal word for “to join” (You will recognize <foreignphrase
-                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>，“add,” from
+                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, “add,” from
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase> and
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù</foreignphrase>, “enter,”
                         from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
@@ -21236,8 +21237,10 @@
                                     <row>
                                         <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                 >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
-                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">在</entry>
-                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">在</entry>
+                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
                                         <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                 >yě</foreignphrase></entry>
                                         <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
@@ -21251,7 +21254,7 @@
                                 </tbody>
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
-                    <para>For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5，
+                    <para>For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5,
                             <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài kū le</foreignphrase>,
                         “doesn't cry anymore.”</para>
                     <para>The second pattern is more emphatic. The word <foreignphrase

FSI-Chinese.xml

@@ -900,7 +900,8 @@
     <xi:include href="OptionalModule-CAR/FSI-OptionalModule-CAR.xml"/>
     <xi:include href="OptionalModule-HTL/FSI-OptionalModule-HTL.xml"/>
     <xi:include href="OptionalModule-POT/FSI-OptionalModule-POT.xml"/>
-
-
+    <xi:include href="OptionalModule-MBD/FSI-OptionalModule-MBD.xml"/>
+    <xi:include href="OptionalModule-RST/FSI-OptionalModule-RST.xml"/>
+    <xi:include href="OptionalModule-WLF/FSI-OptionalModule-WLF.xml"/>
 
 </book>

FSI-Chinese.xml.bak

@@ -899,7 +899,9 @@
     <xi:include href="FSI-Chinese-MOD9-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD9-Textbook.xml"/>
     <xi:include href="OptionalModule-CAR/FSI-OptionalModule-CAR.xml"/>
     <xi:include href="OptionalModule-HTL/FSI-OptionalModule-HTL.xml"/>
-
+    <xi:include href="OptionalModule-POT/FSI-OptionalModule-POT.xml"/>
+    <xi:include href="OptionalModule-POT/FSI-OptionalModule-POT.xml"/>
+<xi:include href="OptionalModule-POT/FSI-OptionalModule-POT.xml"/>
 
 
 </book>

FSI-Chinese.xpr

@@ -27,21 +27,6 @@
                                     </list>
                                 </field>
                             </scenarioAssociation>
-                            <scenarioAssociation>
-                                <field name="url">
-                                    <String>FSI-Chinese-MOD4-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD4.xml</String>
-                                </field>
-                                <field name="scenarioIds">
-                                    <list>
-                                        <String>DocBook PDF - Chinese</String>
-                                    </list>
-                                </field>
-                                <field name="scenarioTypes">
-                                    <list>
-                                        <String>XSL</String>
-                                    </list>
-                                </field>
-                            </scenarioAssociation>
                             <scenarioAssociation>
                                 <field name="url">
                                     <String>FSI-Chinese-MOD2-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD2-Textbook.xml</String>
@@ -72,51 +57,6 @@
                                     </list>
                                 </field>
                             </scenarioAssociation>
-                            <scenarioAssociation>
-                                <field name="url">
-                                    <String>FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD1.xml</String>
-                                </field>
-                                <field name="scenarioIds">
-                                    <list>
-                                        <String>DocBook PDF - Chinese</String>
-                                    </list>
-                                </field>
-                                <field name="scenarioTypes">
-                                    <list>
-                                        <String>XSL</String>
-                                    </list>
-                                </field>
-                            </scenarioAssociation>
-                            <scenarioAssociation>
-                                <field name="url">
-                                    <String>FSI-Chinese-MOD3-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD3.xml</String>
-                                </field>
-                                <field name="scenarioIds">
-                                    <list>
-                                        <String>DocBook PDF - Chinese</String>
-                                    </list>
-                                </field>
-                                <field name="scenarioTypes">
-                                    <list>
-                                        <String>XSL</String>
-                                    </list>
-                                </field>
-                            </scenarioAssociation>
-                            <scenarioAssociation>
-                                <field name="url">
-                                    <String>FSI-Chinese-MOD2-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD2.xml</String>
-                                </field>
-                                <field name="scenarioIds">
-                                    <list>
-                                        <String>DocBook PDF - Chinese</String>
-                                    </list>
-                                </field>
-                                <field name="scenarioTypes">
-                                    <list>
-                                        <String>XSL</String>
-                                    </list>
-                                </field>
-                            </scenarioAssociation>
                         </scenarioAssociation-array>
                     </entry>
                     <entry>

OptionalModule-CAR/FSI-OptionalModule-CAR.xml

@@ -3,24 +3,9 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
 <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
     version="5.1">
-    <title>Car Optional Module</title>
+    <title>Car</title>
     <subtitle>A Modular Approach</subtitle>
-    <para>Optional Modules<itemizedlist>
-            <listitem>
-                <para>Restaurant</para>
-            </listitem>
-            <listitem>
-                <para>Hotel</para>
-            </listitem>
-            <listitem>
-                <para>Post Office and Telephone</para>
-            </listitem>
-            <listitem>
-                <para>Car</para>
-            </listitem>
-        </itemizedlist></para>
-    <para>Sponsored by Agencies of the United States and Canadian Governments</para>
-    <section>
+     <section>
         <title>Objectives of the Car Module</title>
         <section>
             <title>General</title>
@@ -78,6 +63,7 @@
                 </orderedlist></para>
         </section>
     </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
     <section>
         <title>Unit 1</title>
         <section>
@@ -85,6 +71,7 @@
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -111,12 +98,15 @@
                         cleaning windows and getting air for tires, may be done by the driver
                         himself. Any major servicing must be done at a repair garage.</para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
-                    <title>Dialogue Peking:</title>
+                    <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
-                    <title>Dialogue Taipei:</title>
+                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes after Dialogues in Part 1</title>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīyóu jiāhǎo
@@ -129,11 +119,13 @@
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Part 2</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -259,7 +251,7 @@
                                 <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                 <tbody>
                                     <row>
-                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niǐyídìng
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yídìng
                                                 děi bǎoyǎng zìjǐ. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                     </row>
                                     <row>
@@ -291,15 +283,18 @@
                         </informaltable></para>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">língjiàn</foreignphrase>: “spare
                         parts” or simply “parts”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huàn
-                            língjiàn</foreignphrase> is “o exchange</para>
-                    <para>(something) for a spare part”.</para>
+                            língjiàn</foreignphrase> is “to exchange (something) for a spare
+                        part”.</para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes after Dialogues in Part 2</title>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu shíhou hái huì
@@ -328,11 +323,13 @@
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Part 3</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -381,19 +378,23 @@
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
             <para/>
         </section>
     </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
     <section>
         <title>Unit 2</title>
         <para/>
@@ -402,15 +403,18 @@
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                     <para/>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
@@ -524,11 +528,13 @@
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Part 2</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -667,19 +673,23 @@
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Part 3</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -797,17 +807,21 @@
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Parts of the car</title>
         </section>

OptionalModule-CAR/FSI-OptionalModule-CAR.xml.bak

@@ -3,24 +3,9 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
 <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
     version="5.1">
-    <title>Car Optional Module</title>
+    <title>Car</title>
     <subtitle>A Modular Approach</subtitle>
-    <para>Optional Modules<itemizedlist>
-            <listitem>
-                <para>Restaurant</para>
-            </listitem>
-            <listitem>
-                <para>Hotel</para>
-            </listitem>
-            <listitem>
-                <para>Post Office and Telephone</para>
-            </listitem>
-            <listitem>
-                <para>Car</para>
-            </listitem>
-        </itemizedlist></para>
-    <para>Sponsored by Agencies of the United States and Canadian Governments</para>
-    <section>
+     <section>
         <title>Objectives of the Car Module</title>
         <section>
             <title>General</title>
@@ -78,6 +63,7 @@
                 </orderedlist></para>
         </section>
     </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
     <section>
         <title>Unit 1</title>
         <section>
@@ -85,6 +71,7 @@
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -111,12 +98,15 @@
                         cleaning windows and getting air for tires, may be done by the driver
                         himself. Any major servicing must be done at a repair garage.</para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
-                    <title>Dialogue Peking:</title>
+                    <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
-                    <title>Dialogue Taipei:</title>
+                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes after Dialogues in Part 1</title>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīyóu jiāhǎo
@@ -129,11 +119,13 @@
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Part 2</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -291,15 +283,18 @@
                         </informaltable></para>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">língjiàn</foreignphrase>: “spare
                         parts” or simply “parts”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huàn
-                            língjiàn</foreignphrase> is “o exchange</para>
-                    <para>(something) for a spare part”.</para>
+                            língjiàn</foreignphrase> is “to exchange (something) for a spare
+                        part”.</para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes after Dialogues in Part 2</title>
                     <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu shíhou hái huì
@@ -328,11 +323,13 @@
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Part 3</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -381,19 +378,23 @@
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
             <para/>
         </section>
     </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
     <section>
         <title>Unit 2</title>
         <para/>
@@ -402,15 +403,18 @@
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
                     <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                     <para/>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
@@ -524,11 +528,13 @@
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Part 2</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -667,19 +673,23 @@
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Part 3</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
                 <section>
@@ -774,7 +784,7 @@
                                 </tbody>
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
-                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gū jià</foreignphrase>: ”To
+                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gū jià</foreignphrase>: “To
                         estimate a price.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                             <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                 <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
@@ -797,17 +807,21 @@
                             </tgroup>
                         </informaltable></para>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                 </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                 <section>
                     <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                 </section>
             </section>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
         </section>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
         <section>
             <title>Parts of the car</title>
         </section>

OptionalModule-HTL/FSI-OptionalModule-HTL.xml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
 <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
     version="5.1">
-    <title>Hotel Module</title>
+    <title>Hotel</title>
     <section>
         <title>General</title>
         <para>The purpose of the Hotel Module (HTL) is to provide you with the linguistic skills you

OptionalModule-HTL/FSI-OptionalModule-HTL.xml.bak

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
                                     <entry/>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Do you stay in an hotel?</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@
                                     <entry/>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Yes, I stay in the <foreignphrase
+                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
+                                        hotel.</entry>
                                 </row>
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>

OptionalModule-MBD/FSI-OptionalModule-MBD.xml

@@ -6,30 +6,727 @@
     <title>Customs Surrounding</title>
     <subtitle>Marriage, Birth and Death</subtitle>
     <para/>
-    <section><title>Objectives</title><para></para></section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 1</title>
+        <title>Objectives</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>General</title>
+            <para>The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to
+                furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural Background information you need
+                to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to
+                courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct
+                yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese
+                people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</para>
+            <para>Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a
+                Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the
+                course.</para>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Specific</title>
+            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
+            <orderedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about the age when most people get married.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in
+                        marriage practices between the city and the country.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births,
+                        and funerals.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about the frequency of divorce.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in
+                        arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day
+                        wedding.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control
+                        policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken
+                        into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when
+                        they have children.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant’s health, appetite,
+                        and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the
+                        mother's health before and after giving birth.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and
+                        express concern for that person.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death
+                        and the funeral.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a
+                        funeral.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </orderedlist>
+        </section>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
+        <para/>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 1: Winter and Summer</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
+                    <para>tíchàng: “to advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to
+                            encourage”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Zhè shi shéi tíchàngde?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Who advocates this?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>nianqīng: “to be young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There
+                        are two different characters with the same sound used for the second
+                            syllable.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tā zhènme niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>She’s so young and so beautiful!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Wǒ niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn shū.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>When I was young, I didn’t like to read.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Zhèixiē niǎnqīng rén dōu ài kàn diànyǐng.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>These young people all love to go to the
+                                            movies.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Nèige niánqǐngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
+                                            cuò.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>That young Chinese person speaks pretty good
+                                            English.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>jiéhūn: “to get married”, also pronounced jiēhūn. Notice that in Chinese
+                        you talk of “getting married”, while in English we talk of “being married”.
+                        And it follows grammatically that jiéhūn is a process verb, not a state
+                        verb. Jiéhūn will always be seen with an aspect marker such as le or will be
+                        negated with méi.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
+                                            of ’Are they married?)</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Nǐ jiéhūn duó jiǔ le?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>How long have you been married?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>Jiéhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”.
+                        Jié and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as de or
+                            guo.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéde hūn? OR Nǐ shi shénme
+                                            shíhou jiéhūnde?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>When did you get married?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Wang Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Mr. Wang has been married three times.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern gēn ...
+                            jiéhūn.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>To whom did he get married?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+
+                    <section>
+                        <title>Notes on №2</title>
+                        <para>wǎnliàn wǎnhūn: “late involvement and late marriage”. Wǎnliàn is an
+                            abbreviation for wan liàn’ài, “mature love”, (liàn’ài means “romantic
+                            love, courtship”), and wǎnhūn is an abbreviation for wǎn jiéhūn, “late
+                            marriage”. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only
+                            actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to generalize about
+                            the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and
+                            might be nonexistant in certain rural and national minority areas, where
+                            the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum age has
+                            been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the rules were
+                            eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple exceeds
+                            fifty years (or the female’s age exceeds the male’s), then the marriage
+                            is allowable.</para>
+                    </section>
+                    <section>
+                        <title>Notes on №3</title>
+                        <para>qīngnián: “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the
+                            adjectival verb niánqīng, “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
+                        <para>In this sentence, the noun qīngnián is used to modify the noun lǎoshī,
+                                “teacher”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>A:</entry>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ jìde sānshinián yīqián nǐ tèbié ài chī
+                                                táng.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                            <entry>I remember that thirty years ago you especially
+                                                loved to eat candy.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>B:</entry>
+                                            <entry>Shì a, nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián.
+                                                Xiànzài lǎo le, yá bù xíng le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                            <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I’m
+                                                old, and my teeth aren’t good any more.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>nǔlì: “to be hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb,
+                            “diligently,be hard”.</para>
+                        <para>Tā suīrán hen nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù xíng. Although he’s
+                            very hardworking, his English is still not good enough.<informaltable
+                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ děi nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>I have to study Chinese very hard.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                    </section>
+                    <section>
+                        <title>Notes on №4</title>
+                        <para>nongcūn: “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable
+                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
+                                                city.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn zhù.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Their family lives in the country.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>shíxíng: “to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan,
+                                reform)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nǐ zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
+                                                shíxíng.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don’t
+                                                think it can be carried out.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Zhèige bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle,
+                                                kěshi jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>This method has been in practice for three weeks,
+                                                but the results aren’t good.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                    </section>
+                    <section>
+                        <title>Notes on №5</title>
+                        <para>chéng: “to constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none"
+                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Tǎde xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai
+                                                gōngzuò bù chéng wèntí.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>His studies have been good all along, so after he
+                                                graduates, setting up a job for him won’t constitute
+                                                a problem.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒde nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan
+                                                tāde xiǎo mèimei.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>My daughter has become an older sister. She
+                                                really likes her little sister.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>fēngqì: “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable
+                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Xiànzài yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài
+                                                shāngdiànli mài dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù
+                                                hǎo.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don’t
+                                                want to sell things in shops. This practice is
+                                                really bad.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Xiànzài zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
+                                                fēngqì.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Now in China there is again a general atmosphere
+                                                of study.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para/>
+                    </section>
+                    <section>
+                        <title>Notes on №6</title>
+                        <para>hé: “with”. You have seen he used between two nouns or pronouns as a
+                            conjunction meaning “and”. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb
+                            meaning “with”. The word gēn, which you have seen, also has both
+                            meanings, “and” and “with”.</para>
+                        <para>Formerly, gēn was the most frequently used word for “with” or “and” in
+                            the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often written. But
+                            he has come into wide conversational use in pùtōnghuà. In addition to
+                            this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say
+                            hàn instead of he, which is the same character with another
+                            pronunciation.</para>
+                        <para>Generally speaking, if you use hé or gēn you should not have any
+                            problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
+                        <para>liàn'ài: “to fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”.
+                            This is the socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship
+                            between two people. Notice that liàn'ài can be used both as noun and as
+                            a verb. (Liàn’ài is written with an apostrophe to show where the
+                            syllable division is: liàn ài, not lià nài.)<informaltable frame="none"
+                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Tǎmen liàn’àile hǎojinián le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>They’ve been in love for quite a few years
+                                                now.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Tǎmen xiànzài kǎishǐ liàn’ài le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>They’ve just started to fall in love.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Womende liàn’ài zhī you sāntiǎn, jiù bù xíng
+                                                le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it’s
+                                                over.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>The noun liàn’ài is often used in the phrase tán liàn’ài, “to be
+                            romantically involved” or more literally “to talk of
+                                love”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Tāmen liāngge tán liàn’ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
+                                                le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>The two of them have been in love for quite a
+                                                while now.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ méiyou hé tā tán liàn’ài.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>I’m not in love with her.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are
+                            seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious
+                            intentions for the future.</para>
+                    </section>
+                    <section>
+                        <title>Notes on №7</title>
+                        <para>kě: “really, certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state
+                            verbs. Kě can be used before a negative.<informaltable frame="none"
+                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Tāmen liǎngge kě hǎo le!</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>The two of them are very good friends.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Kě bú shi ma!</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Isn’t that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nà kě bù xíng!</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>That really won’t do!</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nà kě bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shi.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>That’s really not a good thing.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nǐ kě yào xiǎoxīn!</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>You’ve got to be careful!</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word kě, to other Chinese
+                            it may sound too full of local color with which they do not
+                            identify.</para>
+                    </section>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
+                    <para>An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They are
+                        both in their late twenties.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                    <para>...zài èrshiwǔliǔsuì yǐhòu cái jiéhūn: This is quite a change from
+                        Imperial times, when females might be married off at age thirteen and males
+                        at age six so as to insure the family fortunes or fend off economic
+                        difficulties later. Nontheless, regulations are less strict in the
+                        countryside today, where one can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para>
+                </section>
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: Spring and Fall</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
+                    <para>yíshì: ’ceremony, function’ This can be used to refer to a range of
+                        different ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the
+                        taking of marital vows.</para>
+                    <para>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon
+                        to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which
+                        marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual
+                        served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds’ feeling of obligation
+                        owed to the family.</para>
+                    <para>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food
+                        for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the
+                        celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local
+                        police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside,
+                        where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</para>
+                    <section>
+                        <title>Notes on №9</title>
+                        <para>qǐnqi: ’relatives* Qǐnqi is slightly different from the English word
+                            ’relatives’ in that it does not include one’s immediate family, that is
+                            parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One’s
+                            immediate family are called Jiāli rén.)<informaltable frame="none"
+                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nǐmen Jiā qīnqi duō ma?</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Do you have a lot of relatives in your
+                                                family?</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒmen Jiā qinqi kě duō le!</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>We have lots of relatives in our family.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>sǒnggei: ’give (a gift) to ...’ The verb song has several meanings.
+                            One is ’to send’, as in Wǒ bā nǐde xíngli sòngshangqu le, ’I sent your
+                            luggage upstairs.’ Another is to give someone something as a
+                            present.</para>
+                        <para>Here you see song with the prepositional verb gěi ’for, to’ after it.
+                            You have also seen Jiāogei, ’to hand over to ..., to submit to...’. When
+                            gěi is used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be
+                            followed by the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom
+                            something is given. Gěi can also be used this way with jì ’to send’, and
+                            mǎi ’to sell’.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ bǎ zhèijiǎn yīfu Jìgei wǒ mèimei le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>I sent this piece of clothing to my younger
+                                                sister.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Tā bǎ fángzi màigei wǒ le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>He sold his house to me.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in
+                            the sentence, making it necessary to use gěi to put the indirect object
+                            after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object
+                            is specific and the bǎ construction is preferred. When song is followed
+                            by an indirect object, however, the gěi is usually
+                                optional.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ yǎo song ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ yǎo sǒnggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                    </section>
+                </section>
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 3</title>
+            <title>Part 3: Terrain</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -37,13 +734,15 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-    <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 2</title>
+        <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Buying Clothes</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -52,7 +751,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: Buying Clothes</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -60,13 +759,18 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Having Clothes made</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 3</title>
+        <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: At the Barber</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -75,7 +779,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: At the Hairdresser</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -83,13 +787,15 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 4</title>
+        <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Personal Belongings</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -98,7 +804,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: Parts of the Home</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -106,13 +812,18 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Taking Care of Children</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 5</title>
+        <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complains</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Colds and Fevers</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -121,7 +832,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: Stomach Ailments</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -129,13 +840,18 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Taking Temperature and Blood Pressure</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 6</title>
+        <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Losing a Driver's license</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -144,7 +860,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: A Motorcycle Accident</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -152,13 +868,28 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Crossing into a Restricted Area</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
         <title>Appendix</title>
         <subtitle>Unit Vocabulary Characters</subtitle>
-        <para/>
-      
+        <section>
+            <title>Parts of the Body</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Medical Conditions and Illness</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Furniture and Household Items</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Parts of the House</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
 
 </chapter>

OptionalModule-MBD/FSI-OptionalModule-MBD.xml.bak

@@ -7,28 +7,680 @@
     <subtitle>Marriage, Birth and Death</subtitle>
     <para/>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 1</title>
+        <title>Objectives</title>
+        <para/>
+        <section><title>General</title>
+            <para>The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to
+                furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural Background information you need
+                to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to
+                courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct
+                yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese
+                people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</para>
+            <para>Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a
+                Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the
+                course.</para></section>
+         <section><title>Specific</title>
+            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
+            <orderedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about the age when most people get married.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in
+                        marriage practices between the city and the country.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births,
+                        and funerals.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about the frequency of divorce.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in
+                        arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day
+                        wedding.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control
+                        policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken
+                        into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when
+                        they have children.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant’s health, appetite,
+                        and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the
+                        mother's health before and after giving birth.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and
+                        express concern for that person.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death
+                        and the funeral.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a
+                        funeral.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </orderedlist></section>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Winter and Summer</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section><title>Notes on Part 1</title><para>tíchàng: “to advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage”<informaltable
+                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Zhè shi shéi tíchàngde?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Who advocates this?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                <para>nianqīng: “to be young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There are
+                        two different characters with the same sound used for the second
+                            syllable.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tā zhènme niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>She’s so young and so beautiful!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Wǒ niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn shū.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>When I was young, I didn’t like to read.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Zhèixiē niǎnqīng rén dōu ài kàn diànyǐng.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>These young people all love to go to the
+                                            movies.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Nèige niánqǐngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
+                                            cuò.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>That young Chinese person speaks pretty good
+                                            English.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>jiéhūn: “to get married”, also pronounced jiēhūn. Notice that in Chinese
+                        you talk of “getting married”, while in English we talk of “being married”.
+                        And it follows grammatically that jiéhūn is a process verb, not a state
+                        verb. Jiéhūn will always be seen with an aspect marker such as le or will be
+                        negated with méi.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
+                                            of ’Are they married?)</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Nǐ jiéhūn duó jiǔ le?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>How long have you been married?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>Jiéhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”.
+                        Jié and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as de or
+                            guo.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéde hūn? OR Nǐ shi shénme
+                                            shíhou jiéhūnde?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>When did you get married?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Wang Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Mr. Wang has been married three times.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern gēn ...
+                            jiéhūn.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>To whom did he get married?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+            
+            <section><title>Notes on №2</title><para>wǎnliàn wǎnhūn: “late involvement and late marriage”. Wǎnliàn is an abbreviation for wan
+                    liàn’ài, “mature love”, (liàn’ài means “romantic love, courtship”), and wǎnhūn
+                    is an abbreviation for wǎn jiéhūn, “late marriage”. This policy has been
+                    promoted since the 1960s, but only actively enforced since the 1970s. It is
+                    difficult to generalize about the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ
+                    from city to city and might be nonexistant in certain rural and national
+                    minority areas, where the government is trying to increase the population. The
+                    minimum age has been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the
+                    rules were eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple exceeds
+                    fifty years (or the female’s age exceeds the male’s), then the marriage is
+                    allowable.</para></section>
+            <section><title>Notes on №3</title><para>qīngnián: “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb niánqīng,
+                    “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
+                <para>In this sentence, the noun qīngnián is used to modify the noun lǎoshī,
+                        “teacher”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry>Wǒ jìde sānshinián yīqián nǐ tèbié ài chī táng.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>I remember that thirty years ago you especially loved to
+                                        eat candy.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry>Shì a, nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián. Xiànzài lǎo
+                                        le, yá bù xíng le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I’m old, and
+                                        my teeth aren’t good any more.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>nǔlì: “to be hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb, “diligently,be
+                    hard”.</para>
+                <para>Tā suīrán hen nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù xíng. Although he’s very
+                    hardworking, his English is still not good enough.<informaltable frame="none"
+                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Wǒ děi nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>I have to study Chinese very hard.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para></section>
+        <section><title>Notes on №4</title><para>nongcūn: “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
+                                        city.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn zhù.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Their family lives in the country.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>shíxíng: “to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan,
+                        reform)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Nǐ zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
+                                        shíxíng.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don’t think it can
+                                        be carried out.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Zhèige bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi
+                                        jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>This method has been in practice for three weeks, but the
+                                        results aren’t good.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para></section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Notes on №5</title>
+                <para>chéng: “to constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none"
+                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tǎde xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù
+                                        chéng wèntí.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>His studies have been good all along, so after he
+                                        graduates, setting up a job for him won’t constitute a
+                                        problem.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Wǒde nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan tāde
+                                        xiǎo mèimei.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>My daughter has become an older sister. She really likes
+                                        her little sister.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>fēngqì: “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable
+                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Xiànzài yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài
+                                        dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù hǎo.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don’t want to
+                                        sell things in shops. This practice is really bad.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Xiànzài zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
+                                        fēngqì.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Now in China there is again a general atmosphere of
+                                        study.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+            <section><title>Notes on №6</title><para>hé: “with”. You have seen he used between two nouns or pronouns as a conjunction meaning
+                    “and”. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb meaning “with”. The word
+                    gēn, which you have seen, also has both meanings, “and” and “with”.</para>
+                <para>Formerly, gēn was the most frequently used word for “with” or “and” in the
+                    Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often written. But he has come
+                    into wide conversational use in pùtōnghuà. In addition to this variation, school
+                    children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say hàn instead of he, which is the
+                    same character with another pronunciation.</para>
+                <para>Generally speaking, if you use hé or gēn you should not have any problem being
+                    understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
+                <para>liàn'ài: “to fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”. This is
+                    the socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship between two
+                    people. Notice that liàn'ài can be used both as noun and as a verb. (Liàn’ài is
+                    written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division is: liàn ài, not
+                    lià nài.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tǎmen liàn’àile hǎojinián le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>They’ve been in love for quite a few years now.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tǎmen xiànzài kǎishǐ liàn’ài le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>They’ve just started to fall in love.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Womende liàn’ài zhī you sāntiǎn, jiù bù xíng le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it’s
+                                        over.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>The noun liàn’ài is often used in the phrase tán liàn’ài, “to be romantically
+                    involved” or more literally “to talk of love”.<informaltable frame="none"
+                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tāmen liāngge tán liàn’ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
+                                        le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>The two of them have been in love for quite a while
+                                        now.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Wǒ méiyou hé tā tán liàn’ài.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>I’m not in love with her.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are seen going
+                    out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious intentions for the
+                    future.</para></section>
+            <section><title>Notes on №7</title><para>kě: “really, certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs. Kě can be used
+                    before a negative.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tāmen liǎngge kě hǎo le!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>The two of them are very good friends.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Kě bú shi ma!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Isn’t that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Nà kě bù xíng!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>That really won’t do!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Nà kě bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shi.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>That’s really not a good thing.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Nǐ kě yào xiǎoxīn!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>You’ve got to be careful!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word kě, to other Chinese it may
+                    sound too full of local color with which they do not identify.</para></section>
+            </section>
+                <section><title>Dialogue in Peking</title><para>An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They are both in their late
+                        twenties.</para>
+                    <para/></section>
+                <section><title>Notes on the Dialogue</title><para>...zài èrshiwǔliǔsuì yǐhòu cái jiéhūn: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when
+                        females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to
+                        insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later.
+                        Nontheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one
+                        can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para></section>
+            </section>
             </section>
-        </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: Spring and Fall</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section><title>Notes on Part 2</title><para>yíshì: ’ceremony, function’ This can be used to refer to a range of different ceremonies, from
+                        the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of marital vows.</para>
+                    <para>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon
+                        to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which
+                        marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual
+                        served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds’ feeling of obligation
+                        owed to the family.</para>
+                    <para>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food
+                        for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the
+                        celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local
+                        police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside,
+                        where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</para>
+                <section><title>Notes on №9</title><para>qǐnqi: ’relatives* Qǐnqi is slightly different from the English word ’relatives’ in that it
+                            does not include one’s immediate family, that is parents or children,
+                            but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One’s immediate family are
+                            called Jiāli rén.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nǐmen Jiā qīnqi duō ma?</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Do you have a lot of relatives in your
+                                                family?</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒmen Jiā qinqi kě duō le!</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>We have lots of relatives in our family.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>sǒnggei: ’give (a gift) to ...’ The verb song has several meanings.
+                            One is ’to send’, as in Wǒ bā nǐde xíngli sòngshangqu le, ’I sent your
+                            luggage upstairs.’ Another is to give someone something as a
+                            present.</para>
+                        <para>Here you see song with the prepositional verb gěi ’for, to’ after it.
+                            You have also seen Jiāogei, ’to hand over to ..., to submit to...’. When
+                            gěi is used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be
+                            followed by the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom
+                            something is given. Gěi can also be used this way with jì ’to send’, and
+                            mǎi ’to sell’.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ bǎ zhèijiǎn yīfu Jìgei wǒ mèimei le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>I sent this piece of clothing to my younger
+                                                sister.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Tā bǎ fángzi màigei wǒ le.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>He sold his house to me.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in
+                            the sentence, making it necessary to use gěi to put the indirect object
+                            after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object
+                            is specific and the bǎ construction is preferred. When song is followed
+                            by an indirect object, however, the gěi is usually
+                                optional.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ yǎo song ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ yǎo sǒnggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry/>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para></section>
+                </section>
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 3</title>
+            <title>Part 3: Terrain</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -36,13 +688,15 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-    <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 2</title>
+        <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Buying Clothes</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -51,7 +705,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: Buying Clothes</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -59,13 +713,16 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section><title>Having Clothes made</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 3</title>
+        <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: At the Barber</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -74,7 +731,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: At the Hairdresser</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -82,13 +739,15 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 4</title>
+        <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Personal Belongings</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -97,7 +756,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: Parts of the Home</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -105,13 +764,16 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section><title>Taking Care of Children</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 5</title>
+        <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complains</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Colds and Fevers</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -120,7 +782,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: Stomach Ailments</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -128,13 +790,16 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section><title>Taking Temperature and Blood Pressure</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
-        <title>Unit 6</title>
+        <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
         <para/>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <title>Part 1: Losing a Driver's license</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -143,7 +808,7 @@
             </section>
         </section>
         <section>
-            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <title>Part 2: A Motorcycle Accident</title>
             <section>
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
@@ -151,13 +816,18 @@
                 <title>Reference Notes</title>
             </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Vocabulary</title></section>
+        <section><title>Crossing into a Restricted Area</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
         <title>Appendix</title>
         <subtitle>Unit Vocabulary Characters</subtitle>
-        <para/>
-      
+        <section><title>Parts of the Body</title></section>
+<section><title>Medical Conditions and Illness</title></section>
+        <section><title>Furniture and Household Items</title></section>
+        <section><title>Parts of the House</title></section>
     </section>
 
 </chapter>

OptionalModule-POT/FSI-OptionalModule-POT.xml

@@ -3,13 +3,18 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
 <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
     version="5.1">
-    <title>Post Office and Telephone Module</title>
+    <title>Post Office and Telephone</title>
     <para/>
-    <section><title>Objectives</title>
-    <section><title>General</title><para>The purpose of the Post Office and Telephone Module (PST/TEL) is to provide you with the
-                linguistic skills you need to mail things, make phone calls and send
-                telegrams.</para></section>
-        <section><title>Specific</title>
+    <section>
+        <title>Objectives</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>General</title>
+            <para>The purpose of the Post Office and Telephone Module (PST/TEL) is to provide you
+                with the linguistic skills you need to mail things, make phone calls and send
+                telegrams.</para>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Specific</title>
             <para>When you have finished this module you should be able to:</para>
             <orderedlist>
                 <listitem>
@@ -54,7 +59,8 @@
                     <para>Ask someone to speak louder or tell him you cannot hear him
                         clearly.</para>
                 </listitem>
-            </orderedlist></section>
+            </orderedlist>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
         <title>Unit 1</title>
@@ -66,12 +72,14 @@
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after Part 1</title>
                 <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìfēng xìn</foreignphrase>:
-                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fēng</foreignphrase> is the counter for letters and other
-                    things with envelopes.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-céng</foreignphrase>: Counter for F1oors of buildings.</para>
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fēng</foreignphrase> is the
+                    counter for letters and other things with envelopes.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-céng</foreignphrase>: Counter for
+                    F1oors of buildings.</para>
                 <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guàhào xìn</foreignphrase>:
-                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guàhào</foreignphrase> is the verb “to register”. It is used
-                    here as a modifier. It precedes the noun it modifies.</para>
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guàhào</foreignphrase> is the verb
+                    “to register”. It is used here as a modifier. It precedes the noun it
+                    modifies.</para>
                 <para>Peking:</para>
                 <para>On his way out to mail some things, an American asks the service attendant for
                     the F1oor of his hotel for some information.</para>
@@ -85,25 +93,31 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after Part 2</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiē</foreignphrase>: This is the verb “to stick something on or
-                    to something else”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnshìde píngxìn/wàidìde píngxìn</foreignphrase>: In the PRC
-                    mail rates differ depending on whether something is going to someplace in the
-                    city, out of the city, or out of the country. For the last two categories air
-                    mail service is available.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnshì</foreignphrase>: “This city”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàidì</foreignphrase>: “Foreign place”, “outside this
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiē</foreignphrase>: This is the
+                    verb “to stick something on or to something else”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnshìde píngxìn/wàidìde
+                        píngxìn</foreignphrase>: In the PRC mail rates differ depending on whether
+                    something is going to someplace in the city, out of the city, or out of the
+                    country. For the last two categories air mail service is available.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnshì</foreignphrase>: “This
                     city”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàidì</foreignphrase>: “Foreign
+                    place”, “outside this city”.</para>
                 <para>Peking:</para>
                 <para>A conversation at the Post Office.</para>
                 <para/>
             </section>
-            <section><title>Notes after dialogue in part 2</title><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shízhāng yóupiào, wǔge hángkōng yóujiǎn</foreignphrase>: Notice how both the
-                    counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> and the counter
-                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> are used here to talk about F1at objects.
-                    Although the counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> would be correct for
-                    both nouns, the speaker feels free to use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-gè</foreignphrase>
-                    also.</para></section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Notes after dialogue in part 2</title>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shízhāng yóupiào, wǔge hángkōng
+                        yóujiǎn</foreignphrase>: Notice how both the counter <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> and the counter
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> are used here
+                    to talk about F1at objects. Although the counter <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> would be correct for both
+                    nouns, the speaker feels free to use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >-gè</foreignphrase> also.</para>
+            </section>
         </section>
         <section>
             <title>Part 3</title>
@@ -112,14 +126,15 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after Part 3</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tì</foreignphrase>: This is the prepositional verb meaning “in
-                    place of, for”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tì</foreignphrase>: This is the
+                    prepositional verb meaning “in place of, for”.<informaltable frame="none"
+                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mèimei tì wo qù mǎi
-                                        cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mèimei tì wo qù
+                                            mǎi cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -131,19 +146,21 @@
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>
                     </informaltable></para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngtou</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Tóu</foreignphrase>
-                    is a syllable like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-biar</foreignphrase>. When added to a
-                    direction word, it changes it into a place name. The syllable
-                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tóu</foreignphrase>, however, cannot be added to as many
-                    different direction words as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-biar</foreignphrase> can. (See also
-                    final reference notes Directions Unit Five.)<informaltable frame="none"
-                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngtou</foreignphrase>:
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Tóu</foreignphrase> is a syllable
+                    like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-biar</foreignphrase>. When added
+                    to a direction word, it changes it into a place name. The syllable
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tóu</foreignphrase>, however,
+                    cannot be added to as many different direction words as <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-biar</foreignphrase> can. (See also final
+                    reference notes Directions Unit Five.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
+                        colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎomàibù zài fàndiàn
-                                            lǐtou.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎomàibù zài
+                                            fàndiàn lǐtou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -152,8 +169,8 @@
                                     <entry>The variety shop is in the hotel.</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn wàitou yǒu yige
-                                            yóutǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn wàitou
+                                            yǒu yige yóutǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -164,13 +181,14 @@
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>
                     </informaltable></para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “To be careful”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngfàng</foreignphrase>: “Fragile”, or more literally “to put
-                    lightly”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìhǎo</foreignphrase>: This word acts as an adverb, coming
-                    after the subject ni and before the verb phrase. The word zuìhǎo is used in
-                    politely offering advice to someone, not in warning them what they'd better
-                    do.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “To be
+                    careful”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngfàng</foreignphrase>: “Fragile”,
+                    or more literally “to put lightly”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìhǎo</foreignphrase>: This word
+                    acts as an adverb, coming after the subject ni and before the verb phrase. The
+                    word zuìhǎo is used in politely offering advice to someone, not in warning them
+                    what they'd better do.</para>
                 <para>Taipei:</para>
                 <para>A conversation at the Post Office.</para>
                 <para/>
@@ -183,21 +201,23 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after Part 4</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ dìzhí</foreignphrase>: In sentence No. 28 the object comes
-                    before the verb and is preceded by the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ</foreignphrase>.
-                    Although it is common for an object to come before the verb marked by bǎ, not
-                    all objects can do so. The object in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ</foreignphrase>-phrase
-                    is the direct object of an action verb. It is a particular know thing, not a new
-                    idea about to be introduced into the conversation. The action verb in the
-                    sentence is usually more than one syllable or followed by something else, such
-                    as a place name. For more on bǎ. see Transportation Unit 3 and Meeting Unit
-                        5.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ dìzhí</foreignphrase>: In
+                    sentence No. 28 the object comes before the verb and is preceded by the marker
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ</foreignphrase>. Although it is
+                    common for an object to come before the verb marked by bǎ, not all objects can
+                    do so. The object in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >bǎ</foreignphrase>-phrase is the direct object of an action verb. It is a
+                    particular know thing, not a new idea about to be introduced into the
+                    conversation. The action verb in the sentence is usually more than one syllable
+                    or followed by something else, such as a place name. For more on bǎ. see
+                    Transportation Unit 3 and Meeting Unit 5.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
+                        colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni bǎ shū fàngzai zhuōzishang.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni bǎ shū
+                                            fàngzai zhuōzishang. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -206,8 +226,8 @@
                                     <entry>Please put the book on the table.</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ tāde chē mài le.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ tāde chē
+                                            mài le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -218,8 +238,8 @@
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>
                     </informaltable></para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànxìnjú</foreignphrase>: “Telegraph Office.” In the PRC the
-                    word used is diànxùnjú.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànxìnjú</foreignphrase>:
+                    “Telegraph Office.” In the PRC the word used is diànxùnjú.</para>
                 <para>Taipei:</para>
                 <para>Mr. White, an American, is talking to a Chinese friend.</para>
                 <para/>
@@ -235,7 +255,7 @@
         </section>
         <section>
             <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
-            <para></para>
+            <para/>
         </section>
     </section>
     <section>
@@ -246,11 +266,14 @@
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
             <section>
-                <title>Notes after Part 1</title><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>: “to be able to”. Although this verb overlaps in meaning
-                    with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>, “can, may”, there are definite
-                    differences. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase> is more general, while
-                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase> has the narrower meaning “be able to”
-                    the sense of “be permitted to do so by someone”.</para>
+                <title>Notes after Part 1</title>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>: “to be able
+                    to”. Although this verb overlaps in meaning with <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>, “can, may”, there are
+                    definite differences. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >néng</foreignphrase> is more general, while <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase> has the narrower meaning “be
+                    able to” the sense of “be permitted to do so by someone”.</para>
                 <para>Peking:</para>
                 <para/>
             </section>
@@ -262,12 +285,14 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after part 2</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng dà yìdiǎr shēng shuō</foreignphrase>: Notice that the
-                    phrase describing the manner of action, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà yìdiǎr
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng dà yìdiǎr shēng
+                        shuō</foreignphrase>: Notice that the phrase describing the manner of
+                    action, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà yìdiǎr
                         shēng</foreignphrase> (with a little bit lender voice), comes before the
-                    main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō</foreignphrase>, “to speak”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngchu</foreignphrase>: This is the adjectival verb “to be
-                    clear”.</para>
+                    main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō</foreignphrase>, “to
+                    speak”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngchu</foreignphrase>: This is the
+                    adjectival verb “to be clear”.</para>
                 <para>Peking:</para>
                 <para/>
                 <para>(The receptionist puts the call through.)</para>
@@ -283,21 +308,22 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after part 3</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">... zhànzhe xiàn ne</foreignphrase>: -Zhe is the marker of
-                    DURATION of actions and states. It indicates that an action or state lasted (or
-                    lasts) for an amount of time. The marker ne marks ONGOING actions and states. In
-                    this expression the marker -zhe tells us that at some time the line CONTINUES to
-                    he occupied, and the marker ne tells us that this is GOING ON now.
-                        -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhe</foreignphrase> is used in sentences to describe
-                    activities which last over a period of time, whether that time is past, present
-                    or future. A verb plus -zhe in Chinese often corresponds to the “-ing” form of
-                    the verb in English.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">... zhànzhe xiàn ne</foreignphrase>:
+                    -Zhe is the marker of DURATION of actions and states. It indicates that an
+                    action or state lasted (or lasts) for an amount of time. The marker ne marks
+                    ONGOING actions and states. In this expression the marker -zhe tells us that at
+                    some time the line CONTINUES to he occupied, and the marker ne tells us that
+                    this is GOING ON now. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >Zhe</foreignphrase> is used in sentences to describe activities which last
+                    over a period of time, whether that time is past, present or future. A verb plus
+                    -zhe in Chinese often corresponds to the “-ing” form of the verb in
+                        English.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒuzhe qù kéyi ma?
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒuzhe qù kéyi
+                                            ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -306,8 +332,8 @@
                                     <entry>Can you get there by walking?</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái bìngzhe ne.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái bìngzhe
+                                            ne. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -318,17 +344,17 @@
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>
                     </informaltable></para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngdǒng</foreignphrase>: This is a compound verb meaning “to
-                    understand (by listening)”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò</foreignphrase>: This is the verb “to pass, cross, go
-                    through.” It can be used when talking about time or space.<informaltable
-                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngdǒng</foreignphrase>: This is a
+                    compound verb meaning “to understand (by listening)”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò</foreignphrase>: This is the
+                    verb “to pass, cross, go through.” It can be used when talking about time or
+                        space.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò liǎngtiáo jiē, wàng zuǒ zǒu.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò liǎngtiáo
+                                            jiē, wàng zuǒ zǒu. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -337,8 +363,8 @@
                                     <entry>Go past two streets and go to the left.</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò liǎngfēn zhōng, wǒ zài lai.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò liǎngfēn
+                                            zhōng, wǒ zài lai. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -359,7 +385,8 @@
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
             <section>
-                <title>Reference Notes</title><para>Taipei:</para>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <para>Taipei:</para>
                 <para/>
                 <para>(After the young lady finds the number, he dials it. A servant picks up the
                     phone.)</para>

OptionalModule-POT/FSI-OptionalModule-POT.xml.bak

@@ -5,11 +5,16 @@
     version="5.1">
     <title>Post Office and Telephone Module</title>
     <para/>
-    <section><title>Objectives</title>
-    <section><title>General</title><para>The purpose of the Post Office and Telephone Module (PST/TEL) is to provide you with the
-                linguistic skills you need to mail things, make phone calls and send
-                telegrams.</para></section>
-        <section><title>Specific</title>
+    <section>
+        <title>Objectives</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>General</title>
+            <para>The purpose of the Post Office and Telephone Module (PST/TEL) is to provide you
+                with the linguistic skills you need to mail things, make phone calls and send
+                telegrams.</para>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Specific</title>
             <para>When you have finished this module you should be able to:</para>
             <orderedlist>
                 <listitem>
@@ -54,7 +59,8 @@
                     <para>Ask someone to speak louder or tell him you cannot hear him
                         clearly.</para>
                 </listitem>
-            </orderedlist></section>
+            </orderedlist>
+        </section>
     </section>
     <section>
         <title>Unit 1</title>
@@ -65,13 +71,15 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after Part 1</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase>yìfēng xìn</foreignphrase>:
-                        <foreignphrase>-fēng</foreignphrase> is the counter for letters and other
-                    things with envelopes.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>-céng</foreignphrase>: Counter for F1oors of buildings.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>guàhào xìn</foreignphrase>:
-                        <foreignphrase>Guàhào</foreignphrase> is the verb “to register”. It is used
-                    here as a modifier. It precedes the noun it modifies.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìfēng xìn</foreignphrase>:
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fēng</foreignphrase> is the
+                    counter for letters and other things with envelopes.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-céng</foreignphrase>: Counter for
+                    F1oors of buildings.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guàhào xìn</foreignphrase>:
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guàhào</foreignphrase> is the verb
+                    “to register”. It is used here as a modifier. It precedes the noun it
+                    modifies.</para>
                 <para>Peking:</para>
                 <para>On his way out to mail some things, an American asks the service attendant for
                     the F1oor of his hotel for some information.</para>
@@ -85,25 +93,31 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after Part 2</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase>tiē</foreignphrase>: This is the verb “to stick something on or
-                    to something else”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>Běnshìde píngxìn/wàidìde píngxìn</foreignphrase>: In the PRC
-                    mail rates differ depending on whether something is going to someplace in the
-                    city, out of the city, or out of the country. For the last two categories air
-                    mail service is available.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>běnshì</foreignphrase>: “This city”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>wàidì</foreignphrase>: “Foreign place”, “outside this
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiē</foreignphrase>: This is the
+                    verb “to stick something on or to something else”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnshìde píngxìn/wàidìde
+                        píngxìn</foreignphrase>: In the PRC mail rates differ depending on whether
+                    something is going to someplace in the city, out of the city, or out of the
+                    country. For the last two categories air mail service is available.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnshì</foreignphrase>: “This
                     city”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàidì</foreignphrase>: “Foreign
+                    place”, “outside this city”.</para>
                 <para>Peking:</para>
                 <para>A conversation at the Post Office.</para>
                 <para/>
             </section>
-            <section><title>Notes after dialogue in part 2</title><para><foreignphrase>shízhāng yóupiào, wǔge hángkōng yóujiǎn</foreignphrase>: Notice how both the
-                    counter <foreignphrase>-zhāng</foreignphrase> and the counter
-                        <foreignphrase>-ge</foreignphrase> are used here to talk about F1at objects.
-                    Although the counter <foreignphrase>-zhāng</foreignphrase> would be correct for
-                    both nouns, the speaker feels free to use <foreignphrase>-gè</foreignphrase>
-                    also.</para></section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Notes after dialogue in part 2</title>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shízhāng yóupiào, wǔge hángkōng
+                        yóujiǎn</foreignphrase>: Notice how both the counter <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> and the counter
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> are used here
+                    to talk about F1at objects. Although the counter <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> would be correct for both
+                    nouns, the speaker feels free to use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >-gè</foreignphrase> also.</para>
+            </section>
         </section>
         <section>
             <title>Part 3</title>
@@ -112,14 +126,15 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after Part 3</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase>tì</foreignphrase>: This is the prepositional verb meaning “in
-                    place of, for”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tì</foreignphrase>: This is the
+                    prepositional verb meaning “in place of, for”.<informaltable frame="none"
+                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Mèimei tì wo qù mǎi
-                                        cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mèimei tì wo qù
+                                            mǎi cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -131,19 +146,21 @@
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>
                     </informaltable></para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>shàngtou</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase>-Tóu</foreignphrase>
-                    is a syllable like <foreignphrase>-biar</foreignphrase>. When added to a
-                    direction word, it changes it into a place name. The syllable
-                        <foreignphrase>-tóu</foreignphrase>, however, cannot be added to as many
-                    different direction words as <foreignphrase>-biar</foreignphrase> can. (See also
-                    final reference notes Directions Unit Five.)<informaltable frame="none"
-                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngtou</foreignphrase>:
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Tóu</foreignphrase> is a syllable
+                    like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-biar</foreignphrase>. When added
+                    to a direction word, it changes it into a place name. The syllable
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tóu</foreignphrase>, however,
+                    cannot be added to as many different direction words as <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-biar</foreignphrase> can. (See also final
+                    reference notes Directions Unit Five.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
+                        colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Xiǎomàibù zài fàndiàn
-                                            lǐtou.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎomàibù zài
+                                            fàndiàn lǐtou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -152,8 +169,8 @@
                                     <entry>The variety shop is in the hotel.</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Fàndiàn wàitou yǒu yige
-                                            yóutǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn wàitou
+                                            yǒu yige yóutǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -164,13 +181,14 @@
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>
                     </informaltable></para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “To be careful”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>qīngfàng</foreignphrase>: “Fragile”, or more literally “to put
-                    lightly”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>zuìhǎo</foreignphrase>: This word acts as an adverb, coming
-                    after the subject ni and before the verb phrase. The word zuìhǎo is used in
-                    politely offering advice to someone, not in warning them what they'd better
-                    do.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “To be
+                    careful”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngfàng</foreignphrase>: “Fragile”,
+                    or more literally “to put lightly”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìhǎo</foreignphrase>: This word
+                    acts as an adverb, coming after the subject ni and before the verb phrase. The
+                    word zuìhǎo is used in politely offering advice to someone, not in warning them
+                    what they'd better do.</para>
                 <para>Taipei:</para>
                 <para>A conversation at the Post Office.</para>
                 <para/>
@@ -183,21 +201,23 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after Part 4</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase>bǎ dìzhí</foreignphrase>: In sentence No. 28 the object comes
-                    before the verb and is preceded by the marker <foreignphrase>bǎ</foreignphrase>.
-                    Although it is common for an object to come before the verb marked by bǎ, not
-                    all objects can do so. The object in a <foreignphrase>bǎ</foreignphrase>-phrase
-                    is the direct object of an action verb. It is a particular know thing, not a new
-                    idea about to be introduced into the conversation. The action verb in the
-                    sentence is usually more than one syllable or followed by something else, such
-                    as a place name. For more on bǎ. see Transportation Unit 3 and Meeting Unit
-                        5.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ dìzhí</foreignphrase>: In
+                    sentence No. 28 the object comes before the verb and is preceded by the marker
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ</foreignphrase>. Although it is
+                    common for an object to come before the verb marked by bǎ, not all objects can
+                    do so. The object in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >bǎ</foreignphrase>-phrase is the direct object of an action verb. It is a
+                    particular know thing, not a new idea about to be introduced into the
+                    conversation. The action verb in the sentence is usually more than one syllable
+                    or followed by something else, such as a place name. For more on bǎ. see
+                    Transportation Unit 3 and Meeting Unit 5.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
+                        colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Qǐng ni bǎ shū fàngzai zhuōzishang.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni bǎ shū
+                                            fàngzai zhuōzishang. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -206,8 +226,8 @@
                                     <entry>Please put the book on the table.</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bǎ tāde chē mài le.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ tāde chē
+                                            mài le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -218,8 +238,8 @@
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>
                     </informaltable></para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>diànxìnjú</foreignphrase>: “Telegraph Office.” In the PRC the
-                    word used is diànxùnjú.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànxìnjú</foreignphrase>:
+                    “Telegraph Office.” In the PRC the word used is diànxùnjú.</para>
                 <para>Taipei:</para>
                 <para>Mr. White, an American, is talking to a Chinese friend.</para>
                 <para/>
@@ -235,7 +255,7 @@
         </section>
         <section>
             <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
-            <para></para>
+            <para/>
         </section>
     </section>
     <section>
@@ -246,11 +266,14 @@
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
             <section>
-                <title>Notes after Part 1</title><para><foreignphrase>néng</foreignphrase>: “to be able to”. Although this verb overlaps in meaning
-                    with <foreignphrase>kéyi</foreignphrase>, “can, may”, there are definite
-                    differences. The verb <foreignphrase>néng</foreignphrase> is more general, while
-                        <foreignphrase>kéyi</foreignphrase> has the narrower meaning “be able to”
-                    the sense of “be permitted to do so by someone”.</para>
+                <title>Notes after Part 1</title>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>: “to be able
+                    to”. Although this verb overlaps in meaning with <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>, “can, may”, there are
+                    definite differences. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >néng</foreignphrase> is more general, while <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase> has the narrower meaning “be
+                    able to” the sense of “be permitted to do so by someone”.</para>
                 <para>Peking:</para>
                 <para/>
             </section>
@@ -262,12 +285,14 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after part 2</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase>Qǐng dà yìdiǎr shēng shuō</foreignphrase>: Notice that the
-                    phrase describing the manner of action, <foreignphrase>dà yìdiǎr
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng dà yìdiǎr shēng
+                        shuō</foreignphrase>: Notice that the phrase describing the manner of
+                    action, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà yìdiǎr
                         shēng</foreignphrase> (with a little bit lender voice), comes before the
-                    main verb <foreignphrase>shuō</foreignphrase>, “to speak”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>qīngchu</foreignphrase>: This is the adjectival verb “to be
-                    clear”.</para>
+                    main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō</foreignphrase>, “to
+                    speak”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngchu</foreignphrase>: This is the
+                    adjectival verb “to be clear”.</para>
                 <para>Peking:</para>
                 <para/>
                 <para>(The receptionist puts the call through.)</para>
@@ -283,21 +308,22 @@
             </section>
             <section>
                 <title>Notes after part 3</title>
-                <para><foreignphrase>... zhànzhe xiàn ne</foreignphrase>: -Zhe is the marker of
-                    DURATION of actions and states. It indicates that an action or state lasted (or
-                    lasts) for an amount of time. The marker ne marks ONGOING actions and states. In
-                    this expression the marker -zhe tells us that at some time the line CONTINUES to
-                    he occupied, and the marker ne tells us that this is GOING ON now.
-                        -<foreignphrase>Zhe</foreignphrase> is used in sentences to describe
-                    activities which last over a period of time, whether that time is past, present
-                    or future. A verb plus -zhe in Chinese often corresponds to the “-ing” form of
-                    the verb in English.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">... zhànzhe xiàn ne</foreignphrase>:
+                    -Zhe is the marker of DURATION of actions and states. It indicates that an
+                    action or state lasted (or lasts) for an amount of time. The marker ne marks
+                    ONGOING actions and states. In this expression the marker -zhe tells us that at
+                    some time the line CONTINUES to he occupied, and the marker ne tells us that
+                    this is GOING ON now. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >Zhe</foreignphrase> is used in sentences to describe activities which last
+                    over a period of time, whether that time is past, present or future. A verb plus
+                    -zhe in Chinese often corresponds to the “-ing” form of the verb in
+                        English.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Zǒuzhe qù kéyi ma?
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒuzhe qù kéyi
+                                            ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -306,8 +332,8 @@
                                     <entry>Can you get there by walking?</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Tā hái bìngzhe ne.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái bìngzhe
+                                            ne. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -318,17 +344,17 @@
                             </tbody>
                         </tgroup>
                     </informaltable></para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>tīngdǒng</foreignphrase>: This is a compound verb meaning “to
-                    understand (by listening)”.</para>
-                <para><foreignphrase>guò</foreignphrase>: This is the verb “to pass, cross, go
-                    through.” It can be used when talking about time or space.<informaltable
-                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngdǒng</foreignphrase>: This is a
+                    compound verb meaning “to understand (by listening)”.</para>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò</foreignphrase>: This is the
+                    verb “to pass, cross, go through.” It can be used when talking about time or
+                        space.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                         <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                             <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                             <tbody>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Guò liǎngtiáo jiē, wàng zuǒ zǒu.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò liǎngtiáo
+                                            jiē, wàng zuǒ zǒu. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -337,8 +363,8 @@
                                     <entry>Go past two streets and go to the left.</entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
-                                    <entry><foreignphrase>Guò liǎngfēn zhōng, wǒ zài lai.
-                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò liǎngfēn
+                                            zhōng, wǒ zài lai. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                 </row>
                                 <row>
                                     <entry/>
@@ -359,7 +385,8 @@
                 <title>Reference List</title>
             </section>
             <section>
-                <title>Reference Notes</title><para>Taipei:</para>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <para>Taipei:</para>
                 <para/>
                 <para>(After the young lady finds the number, he dials it. A servant picks up the
                     phone.)</para>

OptionalModule-RST/FSI-OptionalModule-RST.xml.bak

@@ -3,75 +3,1330 @@
 <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
 <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
     version="5.1">
-    <title>Restaurant Module</title>
+    <title>Restaurant</title>
     <para/>
+    <section>
+        <title>Objectives</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>General</title>
+            <para>The purpose of the Restaurant Module (RST) is to acquaint you with Chinese cuisine
+                and eating customs and to provide you with the linguistic skills you need to be able
+                to order food in a restaurant or to dine at home.</para>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Specific</title>
+            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
+            <orderedlist>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Name four foods or dishes suitable as a snack or as an in-between
+                        meal.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Name four dishes in Chinese you might order for dinner.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Name 5 types of meat, fish or fowl.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Translate the names of 10 Chinese dishes (either soups, main courses, or
+                        desserts) into English.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>List the food which accompanies various main courses: rice, noodles,
+                        pancakes, steamed bread, flower rolls.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Order a Western-style breakfast.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Order one of the "fixed meals" offered in small restaurants.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Order Mongolian Barbecue or Mongolian Hot Pot.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Discuss with a friend what to order for a snack.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask for a menu and for help in reading it. Discuss with the waiter or
+                        waitress what the various dishes are. Ask for suggestions in ordering the
+                        meal.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Comment on the meal: how the dishes were made, which were most pleasing,
+                        and when you’ve had enough.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Ask for the check and ask to have the tip figured into the total.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Call to make reservations for a dinner party. Discuss the menu and cost of
+                        the dinner.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>List the different types of courses which go to make up a banquet: cold
+                        dishes, main courses, soups, and desserts.</para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para>Partake in a formal banquet: toasting friends, wishing them well, and
+                        responding to the host's hospitality.</para>
+                </listitem>
+            </orderedlist>
+        </section>
+    </section>
     <section>
         <title>Unit 1</title>
-        <para/>
-        <section><title>Part 1</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+
+
+                <section>
+                    <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                    <section>
+                        <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
+                        <para>chī: “to eat”. The verb “to eat” is often expressed using a general
+                            object compound, chī fàn, instead of the simple verb chī. <informaltable
+                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nǐ chī fàn le ma?</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>你吃饭了马？</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Have you eaten? </entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Wǒ hái méi chī fàn. </entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>我还没吃饭。</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry> I haven't eaten yet.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para> suíbiàn 随便: This word meaning “as you please”, or more literally
+                            “following convenience”, has a variety of uses.<informaltable
+                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                    <tbody>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry> Nǐ suíbiàn mài ba.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>你随便买吧。</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Buy what you want. </entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Nǐ qù bu qu? Suí nǐde biàn ba.</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>你去不去？随你的便吧。</entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                        <row>
+                                            <entry>Are you going? Do what you like. </entry>
+                                        </row>
+                                    </tbody>
+                                </tgroup>
+                            </informaltable></para>
+                        <para>guōtiē 锅贴: This has been translated here as “fried dumpling”, but
+                            actually a guōtiē differs from a dumpling in several respects. We
+                            usually think of a dumpling as a solid lump of leavened dough dropped in
+                            soup to cook. A guōtiē, however, is made of thin, unleavened dough,
+                            which serves as a wrapper for a filling. This filling may be Chinese
+                            cabbage, port, beef, lamb, or any combination, thereof. Secondly, a
+                            guōtiē is not dropped in soup, but is steamed and fried, so that the
+                            bottom is crisp and the top is soft. </para>
+                        <para>bāozi 包子: This is a round of steamed bread filled with salty stuffing
+                            (cabbage, pork, beef, shrimp, etc.) or sweet stuffing (red bean puree,
+                            walnuts, almonds, etc.). The steamed bread is made from a raised dough
+                            and forms a thick bun, somewhat similar in concept to a hamburger. </para>
+                        <para>suān là tāng 酸辣汤: A thick spicy soup made of pork, white bean curd,
+                            “red bean curd” (actually dried chicken or pork blood), dried tiger lily
+                            flowers, mushrooms, bamboo shoots and egg.</para>
+                        <para> liǎngwǎn... 两碗酸...: The word for “bowl”, wǎn 碗, is used as a counter
+                            here.</para>
+                        <section>
+                            <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                            <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
+                            <para/>
+                        </section>
+                        <section>
+                            <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                            <para>Hái yào jige bāozi, zěnmeyàng?: The toneless syllable ji- means “a
+                                few” or “several”. It may be difficult to distinguish between jige.
+                                “a few”, from jǐge, “how many” in rapid speech. Usually there will
+                                be other clues such as intonation and context to help you
+                                distinguish them. This is discussed again in Unit 3 of the
+                                Directions Module. </para>
+                            <para>Bú yào diǎn tài duō le.: The phrase bú yào is used to mean “don't”
+                                in sentences expressing a command. You'll learn more about this in
+                                the Transportation Module. The marker le for new situation is used
+                                here to reinforce the idea of “excessive”. Whenever a speaker says
+                                something is excessive, he is actually saying that it has BECOME
+                                excessive. </para>
+                            <para>Nǐmen diǎn dian shénme?: The first word diǎn is the verb “to
+                                order”. The second word diǎn (from yìdiǎn, “a little”) means “some”. </para>
+                            <para>Èrshige guōtiē, sìge bāozi: You can tell from the amount ordered
+                                that the guōtiē are more or less bite-sized, while the bāozi are
+                                larger.</para>
+                        </section>
+                        <section>
+                            <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                            <para>A conversation between an American student and a Chinese friend in
+                                front of a small restaurant.</para>
+                            <para/>
+                        </section>
+                        <section>
+                            <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                            <para>xiǎochìdiàn: This is a small place where you can grab something to
+                                eat. (Xiǎochī means “snack”.) If you are in a city in China, you are
+                                probably not far from one. A xiǎochīdiàn is often run by one or two
+                                people. It may be arranged so that the cooking area faces the
+                                street, in which case you'll probably walk through the kitchen as
+                                you head for a table. Putting the kitchen at the front, facing the
+                                street, makes for better ventilation and allows people on the street
+                                to see and smell what is being cooked. Inside you are likely to find
+                                small tables without tablecloths, and stools. There is generally no
+                                menu, but some of the dishes may be written on a blackboard or on
+                                red pieces of paper which are hung on the wall. Since the
+                                xiǎochīdiàn is often a small operation, it may only offer a few
+                                things or it may specialize in serving one type of food, such as
+                                noodles or dumplings. The word xiǎo in xiǎochīdiàn, refers not to
+                                the size of the establishment, but to the types of food
+                                offered.</para>
+                            <para>Tāmen dōu yǒu shénme?: The word dōu in this sentence refers to the
+                                object, not the subject. In other words, the sentence is translated
+                                as “What all do they have?” in this context. In another conversation
+                                the same sentence might mean “What do they all have?”.</para>
+                            <para>This type of question with dōu expects an answer with more than
+                                one item mentioned. The dōu may be thought to refer to the object in
+                                the answer.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                        <tbody>
+                                            <row>
+                                                <entry>Nǐ dōu mǎi shénme le?</entry>
+                                            </row>
+                                            <row>
+                                                <entry/>
+                                            </row>
+                                            <row>
+                                                <entry>What all did you buy?</entry>
+                                            </row>
+                                            <row>
+                                                <entry>Wǒ mǎile shíge bāozi, sānjīn píngguo, liùpíng
+                                                  qìshuǐ.</entry>
+                                            </row>
+                                            <row>
+                                                <entry/>
+                                            </row>
+                                            <row>
+                                                <entry>I bought ten bāozi, three catties of apples,
+                                                  six bottles of soda.</entry>
+                                            </row>
+                                        </tbody>
+                                    </tgroup>
+                                </informaltable></para>
+                            <para>But notice that in the answer dōu is NOT used even though the
+                                object is plural in number or a series of items.</para>
+                        </section>
+                    </section>
+
+
+                </section>
+
+            </section>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List </title>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
+                    <para>zhēng jiǎo: These are crescent-shaped dumplings filled with cabbage and
+                        meat which are steam cooked. The steaming is done by-placing the dumplings
+                        in a bamboo basket, which is one layer in a stack of bamboo baskets called a
+                        zhēng lóng, and then placing the whole stack over a container of boiling
+                        water.</para>
+                    <para>gěi wo lái ...: The verb lái here means not “to come” but “to bring” since
+                        it is followed by a noun. The word gěi is the prepositional verb
+                        “for”.</para>
+                    <para>yìlóng zhēng jiǎo: Steamed dumplings are sold by the basket and served in
+                        the basket that they are steamed in. The word for one tier of such baskets
+                        is used as a counter, -lòng (yìlòng, liànglòng. etc.).</para>
+                    <para>tāng miàn: This is the name for a class of dishes made of noodles and
+                        soup. Unlike the Western idea of soup with some noodles, tāng miàn is
+                        basically noodles with some soup added. Because Northern China is a wheat
+                        growing area, noodles are a staple in the diet of that region. A bowl of
+                        noodles can be used to make a side dish for a large meal, or, with a little
+                        soup and meat added, can be a meal in itself. Noodles are commonly made in
+                        six-to-ten-foot lengths in China, and are regarded as a symbol of
+                        longevity.</para>
+                    <para>chǎo miàn: One of the verbs translated “to fry” is chǎo. It is also
+                        sometimes translated as “stir fry”. The Chinese language has several verbs
+                        meaning “to fry”. Chǎo means to fry in a little oil, stirring rapidly and
+                        constantly, not unlike sautéing.</para>
+                    <para>niúròu miàn: This dish consists of noodles in soup with pieces of beef.
+                        The word for “beef” is niúròu, literally “cow”, niú and “meat”, ròu. In the
+                        names of Chinese dishes, the thing the dish is primarily composed of, in
+                        this case noodles, is at the end of the phrase. Those words coming before
+                        describe the additional foods with which the dish is prepared or the style
+                        in which it is prepared.</para>
+                    <para>jiǎozi: A crescent-shaped dumpling, made of white dough and stuffed with a
+                        mixture of meat and scallions or mixed vegetables. Jiǎozi may be served
+                        steamed, zhēng jiǎo or boiled, shuǐ jiǎo. It is said that Marco Polo took
+                        the idea of these dumplings back to Italy inspiring the creation of
+                        ravioli.</para>
+                    <para>ròusī miàn: This is noodles in soup with shreds of pork and vegetables.
+                        Actually, the word ròu means simply “meat”, not “pork”. But the basic meat
+                        of China has always been pork, and therefore ròu on a menu refers to pork
+                        unless otherwise specified.</para>
+                    <para>shénmede: This word, used after a series of nouns, means “and so on” or
+                            “etcetera”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Qìshuǐ, píjiǔ, shénmede dōu děi mǎi.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>We need to buy soda, beer, and so on.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                    <para>A conversation between a waiter and a customer at a small eatery.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                    <para>duōshaoge: The word duōshao may be used either with or without a
+                        counter.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                    <para>sānxiān: This word occurs in the names of rice dishes, noodle dishes and
+                        soups. It can be roughly translated as “three delicacies”, more literally,
+                        “three fresh”. It means that the dish is made with two different meats, such
+                        as chicken and pork, and a seafood, such as shrimp, in addition to the
+                        vegetables.</para>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                    <para>A conversation at another small eatery.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+
+            </section>
+
         </section>
-        <section><title>Part 2</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 3</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
+                    <para>chǎo jīdàn: This is literally translated as “fried eggs”. Since chǎo means
+                        “to stir fry”, however, it actually refers to scrambled eggs.</para>
+                    <para>kǎo miànbāo: “Toast”. This phrase is the verb kǎo “to roast” and the word
+                        for “bread”, miànbāo.</para>
+                    <para>Qǐng zài lái...: Here again you see the verb lái used to mean “bring”. The
+                        word zài is the adverb “again”. Literally translated, this phrase means
+                        something like “Please again bring...”. This is the standard way to ask
+                        someone to bring more of something.</para>
+                    <para>shāobing: This is a baked roll with layers of dough and covered with
+                        sesame seeds. It comes in two shapes, one oblong and the other round like an
+                        English muffin, only not as thick. It is usually eaten at breakfast.</para>
+                    <para>liǎnggēn yóutiáo: This is a long, twisted, puffy roll which is deep-fried.
+                        It resembles a cruller, but it is not sweet. Literally, the name means “oil
+                        stick”. It is usually eaten at breakfast, along with dòujiāng and perhaps a
+                        shǎobing. The counter for long, thin objects, like yóutiáo is -gēn.</para>
+                    <para>dòujiāng: This is a liquid produced when bean curd, dòufu, is made from
+                        soybeans. It is white, resembling milk, and high in protein. It may be
+                        flavored so that it is sweet or salty. It is sometimes called soybean
+                        milk.</para>
+                    <para>tiánde/xiānde: Many foods in China such as bāozi and dòujiāng come in two
+                        sorts: tiánde and xiānde. Although the Chinese categorize foods as either
+                        salty or sweet, this does not mean that food which is labeled “salty” is
+                        terribly salty. Sometimes the label “salty” simply means “not sweet”.</para>
+                </section>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
+                <para>A conversation at the Peking Hotel.</para>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                <para>Breakfast at the Peking Hotel: The Peking Hotel is said to have the best
+                    Western style food in the city. While they serve both Western and Chinese style
+                    lunches and dinners, they are not always prepared to serve certain kinds of
+                    Chinese breakfast foods, such as shāobing and yóutiáo. If you would like to eat
+                    these typical Chinese breakfast foods you should ask in advance.</para>
+                <para/>
+                <para>xīfàn: This is another breakfast food. It is a white porridge made of rice and
+                    water. In the northern parts of China it is eaten along with salted pickles,
+                    ham, salted vegetables, salted eggs or peanuts.</para>
+                <para/>
+                <para>mántou: “Steamed bread”. While the word miànbāo refers to Western style bread,
+                    mántou refers to a Chinese version of bread, a large steamed roll made of white
+                    dough. It is heavy and moist with no crust.</para>
+            </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Part 3</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Unit Vocabulary List</title></section>
     </section>
     <section>
         <title>Unit 2</title>
-        <para/>
-        <section><title>Part 1</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
+                <para>kèfàn: This refers to a type of meal in which soup, a main dish, rice and tea
+                    are all served for one price. Much of the meal is prepared ahead of time, which
+                    makes it quick, convenient and inexpensive for the customer. It is referred to
+                    here as a “fixed meal”. Other translations are “fixed dinner”, “blue plate
+                    special” and “combination plate”.</para>
+                <para>Kèfàn jiù yǒu yìzhǒng ma?: When you ask this question, the person you are
+                    speaking to might think you are asking about the different price categories that
+                    kèfàn is available in. Restaurants which offer kèfàn often have an inexpensive,
+                    a moderate and a top-of-the-line kèfàn each day.</para>
+                <para>cài: This is the word for any dish which is not soup, rice or noodles.</para>
+                <para>yòng: Like the word gěi, “to give”, the word yòng can act as either a full
+                    verb or a prepositional verb. As a full verb, it means “to use”. As a
+                    prepositional verb, it means “with”. Here are some examples of both
+                        usages.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Nǐ kéyi yòng wǒde diànshàn.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>You can use my electric fan.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tā yòng kuàizi chī fàn.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>He eats with chopsticks.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>jī: While often the word for a type of meat, such as “beef”, niúròu, contains
+                    the syllable ròu, “meat”, the word for chicken does not.</para>
+                <para>xiàcì: The words for “last time”, “this time” and “next time” are formed
+                    according to the same principle as you've learned for other time words, like
+                    “last week” and “last month”.</para>
+                <para>
+                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>shàngcì</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>last time</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>shàngge xīngqī</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>last week</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>shàngge yuè</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>last month</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>zhècì</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>this time</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>zhège xīngqī</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>this week</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>zhège yuè</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>this month</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>xiàcì</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>next time</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>xiàge xīngqī</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>next week</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>xiàge yuè</entry>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>next month</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                </para>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                <para>A conversation between an American woman and a Chinese friend, who are out to
+                    eat on their lunch hour.</para>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                <para>Nà: At the beginning of the sentence, nà means “then” or “well then”.</para>
+                <para>Yǒu sān-sìzhǒng: “three or four kinds”. Two consecutive numbers may be used
+                    together to give the idea of an approximate figure. The exception to this rule
+                    is that 10 and multiples of 10 can not combine with the number coming
+                    immediately before or after them. You will learn this in more detail in the
+                    Transportation Module.</para>
+                <para>Hǎo. Nǐ yào yíge qīngjiāo niúròu.: While at an informal meal each person at
+                    the table may choose one of the dishes, everyone at a Chinese meal eats from all
+                    the dishes, which are put in the center of the table.</para>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                <para>Hǎo bu hǎochī?: The compound hǎochī, “to be tasty”, can be broken apart to
+                    form a question.</para>
+                <para>Kèfàn dōu yǒu shénme yàngde cài?: The adverb dōu in this sentence refers to
+                    the plural subject kèfàn, “fixed dinners”.</para>
+            </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Part 2</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
+                    <para>xiārén: This word refers to small shrimp without shells.</para>
+                    <para>dòufu: “Bean curd”. This is a soft white substance made from soybeans,
+                        with the consistency of jello or custard. It has only a faint taste, but is
+                        rich in protein and minerals. It is a staple found all over the Orient and
+                        may be found in everyday food as well as festive foods.</para>
+                    <para>bú cuò: This phrase is used for “not bad”, in the sense of “pretty good”,
+                        “pretty well”, “all right”.</para>
+                    <para>Bié kèqi: Because this phrase is one of the most basic phrases in the
+                        system of Chinese customs and manner, it is difficult to translate. Here, it
+                        may be translated as “Don't be formal.” or “Don't stand on ceremony.” But it
+                        should be viewed in context to determine its full meaning.</para>
+                    <para>bǎo: This is an adjectival verb meaning “to be satisfied”, literally “to
+                        be full”.</para>
+                    <para>Nǐ duō chī yìdiǎn: Notice the word order of this sentence. The word duō is
+                        used as an adverb, and therefore precedes the verb chī. The word yìdiǎn is
+                        used as the object of the action and therefore follows the verb.</para>
+                    <para>Wǒ zài chī: The word zài can be used as a marker of ongoing action. You’ll
+                        learn more about this in the Meeting Module.</para>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                    <para>Nī zài diǎn yíge ba.: The word zài here means “additionally” or
+                        “more”.</para>
+                    <para>Wǒ xiǎng tài duō le, Bú yào cài le ba.; Here are two examples of the
+                        marker le for new situations. In the first sentence it is necessary to use
+                        le to indicate that the food order has now become too much. In the second
+                        sentence, it is necessary to use the marker le to indicate that the meat and
+                        vegetable is not wanted anymore.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                    <para>At another small restaurant.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                    <para>Zài lai yíge tāng, zěnmeyàng?: Here you see another example of the word
+                        zài. meaning “additionally” or “more”.</para>
+                    <para>Nǐ xiǎng bu xiang chī dian tiǎnde dōngxi?: The Chinese are not accustomed
+                        to eating desserts as are some other cultures. While they have invented some
+                        rather lucious desserts, these are usually served only at more formal
+                        dinners. At a modest meal or in a xiǎochīdiàn, the only dessert available is
+                        probably fruit.</para>
+                </section>
+            </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Part 3</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 3</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
+                    <para>zhīdao: The verb “to know”, zhīdao is a state verb and therefore can be
+                        negated, only with the syllable bù.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
+                            colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Wǒ zuótian bù zhīdao tā zài nār.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Yesterday I didn’t know where he was.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>Notice also that the verb “to know, zhīdao, has a neutral tone on the last
+                        syllable. But when it is negated, the verb “to know” has tones on all
+                        syllables, bù zhīdào.</para>
+                    <para>Nǐ jiàode tài duō le.: “You've ordered too much.” A more literal
+                        translation might be “What you’ve ordered is too much. The phrase Nǐ jiàode
+                        is a modifying phrase with the modified noun (perhaps “food” or “dishes”)
+                        deleted.</para>
+                    <para>Mápó dòufu: This is a peppery hot dish made of bean curd, finely chopped
+                        beef or pork and hot bean paste. This dish is typical of the Szechwan style
+                        of cooking, which is noted for hot spicy dishes.</para>
+                    <para>yúxiāng qiézi: This name literally means “fragrant-fish eggplant”.
+                        However, there is no fish used in the preparation of the dish. It is made
+                        with scallions, ginger, garlic, hot bean paste, vinegar and soy sauce.
+                        Yúxiāng refers to a famous Szechwan manner of preparation which was
+                        originally used to make fish dishes, but was later applied to other foods,
+                        such as pork, beef, and eggplant.</para>
+                    <para>jīdīng: Earlier you saw the word jīpiān, “chicken slices”, now you see the
+                        word jīdīng, which means “chicken cubes” or “diced chicken. Both are
+                        commonly used in the names of dishes.</para>
+                    <para>gōngbǎo jīdīng: This is a famous dish which originated in Szechwan. It is
+                        made with diced chicken, bamboo shoots, scallions, red peppers, soy sauce,
+                        and garlic.</para>
+                    <para>xiārén guōba tāng; This is a shrimp and tomato soup into which squares of
+                        dried crispy rice are dropped. These squares of rice bear some resemblance
+                        to “rice crispies”. They are the crisp browned part of the rice left at the
+                        bottom of the pot. As the crispy rice squares are poured into the hot soup,
+                        a sizzling, crackling sound is given off.</para>
+                    <para>básī píngguo: This is a dessert made of apple slices Which are covered
+                        with a light batter and deep fried. The fried apples are then dipped in a
+                        hot mixture of sugar-syrup and sesame seeds. The apples are coated much in
+                        the same way taffy apples are. These hot sugar-coated apples are then
+                        dropped into a bowl of ice water, which hardens the sugar syrup covering
+                        into a crisp candy coating. The result is a dessert which combines a number
+                        of textures and tastes. The name for this dessert is translated many ways:
+                        “spun taffy apples”, “caramel apple fritters”, “pulled silk apples”. Bananas
+                        can also be prepared in this way.</para>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
+                    <para>A conversation between two Chinese friends who are out to dinner in a
+                        Szechwan restaurant.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
+                    <para>Dinner in a Szechwan Restaurant; China has a rich and varied tradition of
+                        cooking, due to the size of the country, the many different foods available,
+                        and the long history of its culture. The numberous styles of cooking may be
+                        grouped into the following schools: The Northern School (Jīng cài), The
+                        Sichuan School (Chuān Cài), The Húnán School (Xiāng Cài), The Shànghǎi
+                        School (Hù Cài). The Fújiàn School (Mǐn Cài), The Canton School (Yuè Cài),
+                        each with its own distinct style and famous dishes. It is common to find
+                        restaurants representing most of these schools of cooking in many cities in
+                        China.</para>
+                    <para>Dāngrán hái yào yíge tāng: The speaker says “Naturally we'll also want a
+                        soup.” because soup is a part of every Chinese meal, from the simplest lunch
+                        to the most elaborate dinner. The reason for this is that, unless toasts are
+                        being drunk, the Chinese do not drink beverages along with their meal. The
+                        soup, which is served at the end of the meal, is the main liquid of the
+                        meal.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                    <para>sháor (sháozi)/tiáogēng: The word sháor is used more in Peking, while
+                        tiáogēng is used in other parts of the country, too.</para>
+                </section>
+            </section>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Unit Vocabulary List</title></section>
     </section>
-      <section>
+    <section>
         <title>Unit 3</title>
         <para/>
-        <section><title>Part 1</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
+                    <para>kāndedǒng: This is a compound verb of result meaning “can read and
+                        understand (it)”. Its negative counterpart is kànbudǒng, “can’t read and
+                        understand (it)”. See Meeting Module. Reference Notes for Unit 1 for a
+                        discussion of compound verbs of result.<informaltable frame="none"
+                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tā xiěde zì, wǒ kānbudǒng.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>I can't read (understand) his writing.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>Huánghuā Yú: The Seiaena Schelegelì is translated here as “yellow fish”.
+                        It is sometimes referred to in Chinese as huáng yú. In English, it is also
+                        called croaker, drum fish, or China Bass. Since the huánghuā yú is a fish
+                        native to China, any American fish name given to it, such as croaker, is at
+                        best only a rough equivalent.</para>
+                    <para>Hóngshāo Yú: The “red-cooked” style of cooking involves stewing the meat,
+                        or in this case, the fish, in soy sauce, sherry and water. It is called
+                        “red-cooked” because of the reddish-brown color the soy sauce gives the
+                        dish.</para>
+                    <para>Cōngbào Niúròu: Beef with Spring Onions. Literally, this means “spring
+                        onions-fried beef”. Bào is another method of cooking. It is similar to chǎo
+                        “sauté”, but uses less oil and highet heat.</para>
+                    <para>Zhàci Ròusī Tāng: Although translated here as “Szechwan Hot Pickled
+                        Cabbage,” zhàci is properly made from mustard green roots preserved with
+                        salt and hot pepper. It can be used to flavor foods or it can be eaten by
+                        itself.</para>
+                    <para>mǐfǎn: This word refers to cooked rice. It can also refer to rice dishes,
+                        such as chǎo fàn.</para>
+                    <para>huājuǎr: Flower-rolls are made of steamed bread, which has been shaped
+                        into layers resembling petals.</para>
+                    <para>suàn yíxià zhàng: The verb suàn means “to figure, to calculate”. Suàn
+                        zhàng means “to figure accounts”, “to calculate the bill”. Here the word
+                        yíxià follows the verb. The use of yíxià after a verb has an effect similar
+                        to reduplicating the verb, that is it makes the action more casual.</para>
+                    <para>zài hēibǎnshang xiězhe ne: -Zhe is the marker of DURATION of actions and
+                        states. It indicates that an action or state lasted for an amount of time.
+                        The marker ne, on the other hand, marks ONGOING (and therefore present)
+                        actions or states. In this expression the marker -zhe tells us that at some
+                        time the dishes CONTINUE in the state of being written on the blackboard,
+                        and the marker ne tells us that that state is GOING ON now. -Zhe is used in
+                        sentences to describe activities which last over a period of time, whether
+                        that time is past, present or future. A verb plus -zhe in Chinese often
+                        corresponds to the ’-ing’ form of the verb in English.<informaltable
+                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Zǒuzhe qù kéyi ma?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Can you get there by walking?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Wǒmen zuòzhe shuō huà, hǎo bu hao?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Let's sit awhile and talk, okay?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Míngtian wǎnshang, wǒmen shi zuòzhe chī, háishi
+                                            zhànzhe chī?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tomorrow night will it be a sit-down dinner or will
+                                            we eat standing up?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tā hái bìngzhe ne.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>He is still sick.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>gōngnóngbíng: This expression is a conglomeration of the words for
+                        “worker”, gōngren, “farmer”, nóngmín, and “soldier”, bìng. Notice that the
+                        first syllable (or only syllable) of each is used to make this abbreviated
+                        form.</para>
+                    <para>chīdelái: This is a compound verb of result with the syllable -de-
+                        inserted between the action verb and the ending verb. This pattern is ₍used
+                        to express the meaning “able to ____”. Usually the second verb of the
+                        compound expresses the specific result of the action, but here the verb lái
+                        expresses only the general idea of result. (The verb lái in this position
+                        has been called a “dummy result ending”. Qù can also be used this way.)
+                        Although no specific result is expressed here, the pattern is still used
+                        because it expresses the idea of “can” or “able to”.<informaltable
+                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Měiguo cài, wǒ zuòdelúi; Zhōngguo cài, wǒ
+                                            zuòbulái.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
+                                            food.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Měiguo cài, wǒ huì zuò; Zhōngguo cài, wǒ bú huì
+                                            zuò.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
+                                            food.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
+                    <para>Three American women, who have spent the morning sightseeing, enter a
+                        cafeteria in a park. It is lunchtime and there are many people. As the women
+                        get in line to order, an attendant in the cafeteria comes up to them.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
+                    <para>Notice that in this situation the cafeteria attendant does not let the
+                        foreigners stand in line for their food. Instead he waits on them getting
+                        them special food when possible. The Chinese feel that foreigners are their
+                        guests and should be treated accordingly.</para>
+                    <para>Wǒ bù dōu kàndedǒng: Notice that the American woman chooses a rather
+                        indirect way of letting the Chinese attendant know that she cannot read. In
+                        the lines following, the attendant answers back simply suggesting some of
+                        the more tasty dishes, a courteous and face-saving response.</para>
+                    <para>Huì yòng, kěshi yòngde bú tài hǎo: This is another courteous response.
+                        Here the American lets it be known that they can handle chopsticks, but does
+                        so modestly.</para>
+                    <para>Chīdelái ba?: Literally, “Was it edible?” or “Could you eat it?”</para>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
+                    <para>Three friends enter a restaurant in downtown Taipei at lunchtime. A waiter
+                        comes up to them.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
+                    <para>Wǒmen gāng cóng Mèiguo lái: In this sentence and the ones which follow the
+                        American modestly explains their situation and then asks for help. The
+                        waiter replies in a friendly and polite manner.</para>
+                </section>
+            </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Part 2</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
+                    <para>yǒumíng: “To be famous”, literally, “to have a name”, is always negated
+                        with méi.</para>
+                    <para>Kǎo Yángròu: This is Mongolian Barbecued Lamb. It is thin slices of lamb
+                        dipped in a sauce of soy sauce, scallions, Chinese parsley, sugar, and
+                        sherry, and other condiments you can mix to your own taste, then grilled
+                        quickly over high heat. This meal is prepared at specialty restaurants which
+                        usually serve little else.</para>
+                    <para>Shuàn Yángròu: This meal requires that a pot with a source of heat beneath
+                        it (huǒguō, literally “fire pot”) be placed in the middle of the table.
+                        Usually the pot is shaped in a ring with a chimney containing the heat
+                        source in the center. Each guest cooks his meat and vegetables in the
+                        boiling water of the fire pot, often with four or five people simultaneously
+                        keeping track of their food as it is cooking. After his meat is cooked he
+                        then dips it into various sauces and eats it. By the end of the meal, the
+                        water in the pot has become a highly flavored soup. Fěnsī (see below) and
+                        vegetables are then dropped into it, and it is eaten.</para>
+                    <para>chúle...yǐwài: This pattern is used to express the idea “except for...”,
+                        “besides...”, or “aside from...”. The second part, yǐwài, is sometimes
+                            omitted.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Wǒ chúle mǎi yìběn shū, hái yào mǎi yìběn
+                                            zázhì.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>In addition to buying one book, I also want to buy
+                                            one magazine.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>fěnsī: These are called “cellophane noodles” because their appearance is
+                        clear and glass-like. They are made from pea-starch and are sometimes called
+                        pea-starch noodles.</para>
+                    <para>zuóliào: This refers to various sauces used to dip the lamb in, and
+                        therefore translates as “condiment”. In other contexts, zuóliào can mean
+                        “ingredient”.</para>
+                    <para>shuōde wǒ dōu è le: Here you see a verb, shuō, the syllable de, and the
+                        result of the action of talking (wǒ dōu è le.) A literal translation of the
+                        expression might be “Talk to (the point that) I'm already hungry.” The
+                        marker de carries the meaning “to the point of”, “to the extent that” in
+                        this expression.</para>
+                    <para>xiāng cài: A coarse, leafy, strong tasting type of parsley.</para>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
+                    <para>This conversation takes place in late spring in Peking. A foreign student
+                        talks with a few of his Chinese classmates.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
+                    <para>This conversation takes place in winter in Taipei. A foreign student and
+                        some of his Chinese classmates are in a northern Chinese restaurant, waiting
+                        for the food to come.</para>
+                    <para/>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 2</title>
+                    <para>běifāng cài: The syllable -fāng means “place” or “region”. It is added to
+                        direction words to form the name of a place. Běifāng cài refers to Northern
+                        Chinese cuisine. Nánfāng cài refers to cuisine south of the Yangtze river,
+                        including the Shanghai school of cooking and the Cantonese school of
+                        cooking. </para>
+                </section>
+            </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Part 3</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 3</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes in Part 3</title>
+                    <para>báobǐng: These are thin, wheat cakes, usually rolled out and cooked in
+                        pairs that are separated before use. They resemble thin, French crepes in
+                        appearance. They are eaten with dishes instead of rice.</para>
+                    <para>Mùxu Ròu: This is a pork dish cooked with egg. It is eaten with báobǐng. A
+                        spoonful of Mùxu Ròu is placed in the middle of a báobǐng. Then it is rolled
+                        up and eaten.</para>
+                    <para>sùcài: This is a vegetable dish made with no meat sauces or flavorings at
+                        all, and is therefore correctly called a vegetarian vegetable dish. Although
+                        sùcài are made without the use of meat sauces or meat flavorings, they are
+                        often artfully seasoned and formed in such a way that they resemble meat
+                        very closely.</para>
+                    <para>xiāng: This is the adjectival verb “to be fragrant”. Zhège sùcài hěn
+                        xiāng., could also be translated as “This vegetarian vegetable dish has a
+                        good aroma”. The verb xiāng is often used when talking about food to refer
+                        to dishes with garlic or ginger.</para>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
+                    <para>Miss Wang invites an American couple, Mr. and Mrs. White to her apartment
+                        for dinner. They are just sitting down to dinner.</para>
+                </section>
+            </section>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
+            <para/>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Unit Vocabulary List</title></section>
     </section>
-      <section>
+    <section>
         <title>Unit 4</title>
-        <para/>
-        <section><title>Part 1</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 1</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
+                    <para>dìng yìzhuō xí; “To arrange a formal dinner”, more literally “to make
+                        arrangements for a one table banquet”. The counter for xí, “a feast or
+                        banquet”, is -zhuō, “table”.</para>
+                    <para>duōshao qiánde biāozhǔn: “What price level”. Biāozhún literally means
+                        “standard”. Duōshao qiánde biāozhǔn could also be translated more literally
+                        as “a standard costing how much”, where duōshao qián “how much does it
+                        cost?” modifies biāozhǔn, “standard'.” You will also hear duōshao qián
+                        biāozhǔnde, with the marker de placed at the end of the phrase. In this case
+                        the whole phrase “what price level” modifies the noun jiǔxí, “banquet”,
+                        which has been left out of the sentence because it is understood.</para>
+                    <para>kè: This word for guest is interchangeable with kèren.</para>
+                    <para>duōbàn: “Most of...”. Duōbàn is a noun and is used in the subject
+                        position.</para>
+                    <para>
+                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Tāmen duōbàn dōu bú qù.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Most of them are not going.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Duōbàn shi niàn Zhōngwén ne.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Most of them are studying Chinese.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable>
+                    </para>
+                    <para>ràng wǒmen pěi...: “Have us select...”, or more literally “allow us to
+                        select...”. The verb pel means “to match”. Dishes are matched to make a
+                        formal menu in Chinese.</para>
+                    <para>lěngpán: “Cold dishes” or appetizers start off the menu in a formal
+                        Chinese dinner. Four cold dishes followed by six to eight main courses, a
+                        soup and a dessert is one type of menu arrangement used for formal dinners.
+                        Four cold dishes, four sautéed dishes and four main dishes, soup and dessert
+                        in another type of formal menu.</para>
+                    <para>Cold dishes are usually prepared so as to be pleasing to the eye as well
+                        as the palate. Cold cooked meats and vegetables are arranged in colorful
+                        designs.</para>
+                    <para>jiǔ: Literally, this means “liquor”. It is a term referring to any kind of
+                        alcoholic beverage from light beers and wine to hard liquor.</para>
+                    <para>Ěméi Cāntīng; This is the name of a restaurant offering Szechwan style
+                        cuisine. Omei (fimái) is the name of a mountain range running through
+                        Szechwan.</para>
+                </section>
+                <section><title>Dialogue in Peking</title><para>A conversation on the telephone.</para>
+                    <para/></section>
+                <section><title>Notes following Dialogue 1</title><para>Nǐ yào duōshao qián biāozhǔnde?: In restaurants in Peking, dinners for a group of people can
+                        be arranged on a price per person basis. The restaurants often have several
+                        standard priced menus to choose from.</para>
+                    <para>Yíge dà lěngpǎn: One large cold platter instead of several smaller cold
+                        dishes may be used in making up the menu for a dinner. One large cold
+                        platter, eight main courses, a soup and a dessert is another type of menu
+                        for a dinner.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>12.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Hóngshāo Yúchì</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Red-cooked Shark's Fin</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>13.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Xiāngsū Yā</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Fragrant Crispy Duck</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>14.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Gānshāo Míngxiā</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Dry-cooked Jumbo Shrimp Szechuan Style</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>15.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Fùguì Jī</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Beggar's Chicken</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>16.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Tángcù Yú</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Sweet and Sour Fish</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>17.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Mìzhī Huǒtuǐ</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Ham in Honey Sauce</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>18.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Dōnggua Zhōng</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Winter Melon Soup served in the Carved Melon
+                                            Shell</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>19.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Bābǎo Fàn</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Eight Jewel Rice</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>20.</entry>
+                                        <entry>Xìngrén Dòufu</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Almond Pudding</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para></section>
+                <section><title>Notes on Vocabulary №12-20</title><para>Hóngshāo Yúchì: Shark’s Fin is considered a delicacy by the Chinese because it is rare,
+                        nutritious and has a smooth, chewy texture when cooked. Some people think
+                        that it is best prepared in the red-cooked style.</para>
+                    <para>Xiāngsū Yā: Fragrant Crispy Duck is marinated and steamed with onions,
+                        wine, ginger, pepper and anise, then deep fried quickly for a crispy result.
+                        This method of preparing duck is an example of southern style
+                        cooking.</para>
+                    <para>Fùguì Jī: “Beggar’s Chicken” is a whole chicken wrapped in wet clay, then
+                        roasted until very tender. It is said that this method of preparation was
+                        first used by beggars. Originally this dish was called Jiǎohua Jī, literally
+                        “Beggar's Chicken”; but as the dish became popular among the upper class,
+                        the name changed to Fùguì Jī, literally “Riches and Honor Chicken”.</para>
+                    <para>Dōnggua Zhōng: Winter melon, mushrooms, and ham go into this soup. On
+                        festive occasions the melon shell is carved with decorations, such as
+                        dragons, and used as a bowl for serving the soup. This is a Cantonese
+                        specialty.</para>
+                    <para>Xìngrěn Dòufu: This is translated here as “Almond Pudding”. Because
+                        Xìngrén Dòufu, with its light consistency, is somewhere between a pudding
+                        and a gelatin, “Almond Gelatin” would also be a fitting translation of the
+                        name.</para>
+                    <para>Bābǎo Fàn: “Eight Jewel Rice”. This is sweet sticky rice (nòmǐ) with
+                        preserved fruits. The rice is shaped into a mound and decorated with some of
+                        the preserved fruit.</para></section>
+                <section><title>Dialogue in Taipei</title><para>An American woman calls a restaurant in Táiběi.</para>
+                    <para/></section>
+                
+            </section>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 2</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section><title>Notes on Part 2</title><para>zhǔkè: At a Chinese banquet the guest of honor sits farthest away from the door, the
+                        inner-most place in the room. The host sits nearest the door, on the serving
+                        side of the table.</para>
+                    <para>Bié jǐn gěi wo jiǎn cài: This expression is often used at dinner parties.
+                        It is good hospitality for the host or hostess to serve the guests
+                        individually from time to time, picking out tender morsels for them. Fellow
+                        guests may also do this for the guest of honor.</para>
+                    <para>gān yìbēi: Drink a glass”, literally “dry a glass” (meaning “o make the
+                        glass dry by emptying it”). Since wine cups are small, the usual toast is
+                        Gān bēi!. “Bottoms up!” For people who don't like to drink too much, the
+                        phrase Suíyì, “As you like”, will serve as a reply indicating that the whole
+                        cup need not be emptied. See the note on suíyì below.</para>
+                    <para>Zuì jī: “Drunken Chicken”. The name of this dish comes from the way in
+                        which it is prepared. The verb zuì “to get drunk”, refers to the fact that
+                        the chicken is marinated in wine at least over-night. This dish originates
+                        with the Shanghai school of cooking. It is served cold.</para>
+                    <para>Wǒ bú huì hē jiǔ. Dàjiā dōu suíyì ba.: Chinese drinking etiquette requires
+                        that if someone doesn’t want to participate in the full range of drinking
+                        activities, he should so indicate early on.</para></section>
+                <section><title>Dialogue in Peking</title><para></para></section>
+                <section><title>Notes following Part 2 Dialogue</title>
+                    <para>Most of the entertaining at a Chinese dinner party takes place at the
+                        dinner table, although there is some tea drinking and chatting both before
+                        and after the meal in other rooms. The dinner is served at a leisurely pace
+                        so that each dish may be savored and talked about. A good dish is
+                        appreciated for its appearance as much as its taste, texture and aroma. As
+                        each dish is eaten, toasts will be made. The host will start off by toasting
+                        the guest of honor and then other guests as a group. As the evening
+                        progresses he will toast each guest in turn and each guest will probably
+                        propose a toast of his own in honor of the host. A strongly flavored liquor
+                        (gāoliang jiǔ). a milder rice wine (huáng jiǔ). or beer may be served.
+                        Guests usually drink only when toasting. If you'd like to take a drink of
+                        something you either propose a toast or catch someon's eye and silently
+                        toast each other.</para>
+                    <para>mànmār chī In sentences expressing commands or requests, an adjectival
+                        verb describing manner precedes the main verb.<informaltable frame="none"
+                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Kuài yìdiǎr kāi!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Drive a little faster!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Kuài lái!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Come here quickly!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                    <para>In the sentence, mànmār chī, the adjectival verb coming before the main
+                        verb, màn, is reduplicated with the second syllable changing to a high tone.
+                        This also happens in a few other instances.<informaltable frame="none"
+                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Kuàikuārde chī!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Quickly eat!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Hǎohāode zuò!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>Do it well!</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </section>
+            </section>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Part 3</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference List</title>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Reference Notes</title>
+                <section><title>Notes on Part 3</title><para>jìng: This is the verb “to offer (something) respectfully”. It is used here ceremonially in
+                        the phrase “offer her a glass” meaning “to toast her”.</para>
+                    <para>Juǎnqilai: This compound verb is made of juǎn. “to roll”, qǐ, “to rise, go
+                        or come up”, and lái “to come”. Both Peking Duck and Mùxu Ròu are eaten
+                        rolled up in pancakes.</para>
+                    <para>Xūn Jī: For this dish, chicken is smoked in a vapor from burning tea
+                        leaves. This example of Peking cuisine is served as a cold dish or a hot
+                        dish.</para>
+                    <para>Zhá Xiāqiú: Zhá is the verb “to deep fry”. This is a Shanghai dish of
+                        shredded shrimp shaped into balls and then deep fried.</para>
+                    <para>jiàng: “Paste”. The paste which is eaten with Peking Duck is
+                        tiánmiànjiàng. “sweet bean paste”.</para></section>
+                <section><title>Dialogue in Taipei</title><para></para></section>
+                <section><title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 3</title><para></para>
+                    <para>Wǒ zìjī lái: This is a polite way for a guest to respond when the host has
+                        been serving him specially.</para>
+                    <para>Xià yícì wǒmen kéyi zài lái zhèli chī Kǎo Yā.: The use of the phrase xià
+                        yícì makes it sound as if they are making definite plans about the next time
+                        they come to eat here, when in fact they are Just talking generally about
+                        some future time. In English, we use “sometime” rather than “next time”, as
+                        in “We'll have to get together again sometime.”</para></section>
+            </section>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Part 2</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title><para></para>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Part 3</title>
-            <section><title>Reference List</title></section>
-            <section><title>Reference Notes</title></section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Foods</title><para></para>
         </section>
-        <section><title>Unit Vocabulary List</title></section>
-        <section><title>Foods</title></section>
     </section>
 </chapter>

OptionalModule-WLF/FSI-OptionalModule-WLF.xml

@@ -5,22 +5,263 @@
     version="5.1">
     <title>Personal Welfare</title>
     <para/>
-    <section><title>Preface</title></section>
-    <section><title>Optional Modules</title></section>
-    <section><title>Objectives for the Personal Welfare Module</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
-    <section><title></title></section>
-    </section>
-    <section><title>Unit 2: Clothing</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 4: In the Home</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title></section>
-    <section><title>Appendixes</title>
-        <section><title>Parts of the body</title></section>
-        <section><title>Medical Conditions and Illnesses</title></section>
-       <section><title>Furniture and Household Items</title></section>
-       <section><title>Parts of the House</title></section>
-    </section>
-    <section><title>Module Vocabulary List</title></section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Objectives for the Personal Welfare Module</title>
+        <para>When you have finished this module, you will be able to:</para>
+        <orderedlist>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe the weather in all four seasons for your present locale, a Chinese
+                    city, and your hometown. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe the location, geographical setting, population, and air quality of
+                    the three areas in No. 1. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Give the names of five or more items of clothing. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Get your hair cut or styled. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe several items you ordinarily carry with you when traveling. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Give the names of and describe the different rooms in a house. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Give simple directions to a babysitter. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Ask and answer questions about the common cold and its symptoms. Offer advice
+                    on what to do for a simple ailment. Understand the use of kāishuǐ, “boiled
+                    water.” </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe what takes place during a visit to the doctor. Know how to give
+                    normal body temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit. Tell ’“where it hurts”
+                    (using a list of the parts of the body, if necessary. ) </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe accidents where injuries occur, and tell someone to call an
+                    ambulance. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Report the loss of a passport to the appropriate officials. Find out where to
+                    go to report the loss and be able to determine whether adequate translation
+                    facilities will be available. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Use the words for “danger” and “caution” in grammatical, situationally
+                    appropriate sentences. Describe how someone entered a restricted area and how
+                    and for what reasons he was escorted out.</para>
+            </listitem>
+        </orderedlist>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>Reference List</title>
+            <para/>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>References Notes</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
+                <para>Jīntiān tiānqi hěn hǎo: Notice that the time word jīntiān “today” is placed
+                    before the subject, not directly before the verb here. Most time words of more
+                    than one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in either
+                    case before the verb. Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě zì.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Last year I still couldn’t write characters.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Wǒ xiànzài hui xiě yìdiǎn le. </entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Now I can write a little.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>qìhòu: “climate” Also pronounced qìhòu (with hou in the neutral tone).</para>
+                <para>Dōngtiān hěn lěng.: “it's cold in winter” The adverb hěn is not translated
+                    here. Often hěn adds little or nothing to the intensity of the adjectival verb,
+                    and doesn’t need to be translated by “very.” Later, you may notice that
+                    sometimes we translate the hěn literally and sometimes we choose to omit it from
+                    the translation. It is not a matter of right and wrong; it is more a matter of
+                    feeling, and may be, we admit, a somewhat arbitrary decision.</para>
+                <para>chángcháng: “often, frequently, usually” An alternate form of this word is
+                        cháng.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tā chángcháng qù Xiānggǎng.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>She often goes to Hong Kong.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tā cháng kàn bàozhǐ.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>He often reads the newspaper.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>The phrase “very often” is NOT formed by using hěn with cháng; instead, Just
+                    use cháng or chángcháng. If you must stress that something happens very often,
+                    use a phrase like “every few days.”</para>
+                <para>xià xuě: “to snow” or more literally ”(there) falls snow.” The subject xuě
+                    “snow” normally follows the verb xià “to descend.” This reversal of subject and
+                    verb is the rule, not the exception, in weather expressions.<footnote>
+                        <para>English is no more logical when it comes to weather expressions: it
+                            uses the meaningless “it,”as in “it snows.”</para>
+                    </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Òu, xià xuě le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Oh, it’s snowing.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Xià xuě ma? Bu xià.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Yǒu méiyou xià xue? Méiyou.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Xià xuě le méiyou? Méiyou.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Jīntiān xià xuě bu xià xuě?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Is it going to snow today?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Xiànzài bù xià xuě le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>It's not snowing anymore.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>tiān: “heaven, sky, day.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Āiya, wǒde tiān na!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Oh my heavens!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tiān zhǐdao!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Heaven only knows!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>qíng: “to be clear, to clear up” In the sentence Tiān qíng le, the marker le
+                    tells us that a change has taken place. The meaning is not simply that the sky
+                    is clear, but that the sky is clear NOW, or rather, the sky has cleared
+                    up.</para>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+        </section>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Appendixes</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>Parts of the body</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Medical Conditions and Illnesses</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Furniture and Household Items</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Parts of the House</title>
+        </section>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Module Vocabulary List</title>
+    </section>
 </chapter>

OptionalModule-WLF/FSI-OptionalModule-WLF.xml.bak

@@ -5,22 +5,263 @@
     version="5.1">
     <title>Personal Welfare</title>
     <para/>
-    <section><title>Preface</title></section>
-    <section><title>Optional Modules</title></section>
-    <section><title>Objectives for the Personal Welfare Module</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
-    <section><title></title></section>
-    </section>
-    <section><title>Unit 2: Clothing</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 4: In the Home</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title></section>
-    <section><title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title></section>
-    <section><title>Appendixes</title>
-        <section><title>Parts of the body</title></section>
-        <section><title>M</title></section>
-       <section><title></title></section>
-       <section><title></title></section>
-    </section>
-    <section><title>Module Vocabulary List</title></section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Objectives for the Personal Welfare Module</title>
+        <para>When you have finished this module, you will be able to:</para>
+        <orderedlist>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe the weather in all four seasons for your present locale, a Chinese
+                    city, and your hometown. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe the location, geographical setting, population, and air quality of
+                    the three areas in No. 1. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Give the names of five or more items of clothing. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Get your hair cut or styled. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe several items you ordinarily carry with you when traveling. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Give the names of and describe the different rooms in a house. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Give simple directions to a babysitter. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Ask and answer questions about the common cold and its symptoms. Offer advice
+                    on what to do for a simple ailment. Understand the use of kāishuǐ, “boiled
+                    water.” </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe what takes place during a visit to the doctor. Know how to give
+                    normal body temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit. Tell ’“where it hurts”
+                    (using a list of the parts of the body, if necessary. ) </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Describe accidents where injuries occur, and tell someone to call an
+                    ambulance. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Report the loss of a passport to the appropriate officials. Find out where to
+                    go to report the loss and be able to determine whether adequate translation
+                    facilities will be available. </para>
+            </listitem>
+            <listitem>
+                <para>Use the words for “danger” and “caution” in grammatical, situationally
+                    appropriate sentences. Describe how someone entered a restricted area and how
+                    and for what reasons he was escorted out.</para>
+            </listitem>
+        </orderedlist>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>Reference List</title>
+            <para/>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>References Notes</title>
+            <section>
+                <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
+                <para>Jīntiān tiānqi hěn hǎo: Notice that the time word jīntiān “today” is placed
+                    before the subject, not directly before the verb here. Most time words of more
+                    than one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in either
+                    case before the verb. Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě zì.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Last year I still couldn’t write characters.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Wǒ xiànzài hui xiě yìdiǎn le. </entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Now I can write a little.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>qìhòu: “climate” Also pronounced qìhòu (with hou in the neutral tone).</para>
+                <para>Dōngtiān hěn lěng.: “it's cold in winter” The adverb hěn is not translated
+                    here. Often hěn adds little or nothing to the intensity of the adjectival verb,
+                    and doesn’t need to be translated by “very.” Later, you may notice that
+                    sometimes we translate the hěn literally and sometimes we choose to omit it from
+                    the translation. It is not a matter of right and wrong; it is more a matter of
+                    feeling, and may be, we admit, a somewhat arbitrary decision.</para>
+                <para>chángcháng: “often, frequently, usually” An alternate form of this word is
+                        cháng.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tā chángcháng qù Xiānggǎng.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>She often goes to Hong Kong.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tā cháng kàn bàozhǐ.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>He often reads the newspaper.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>The phrase “very often” is NOT formed by using hěn with cháng; instead, Just
+                    use cháng or chángcháng. If you must stress that something happens very often,
+                    use a phrase like “every few days.”</para>
+                <para>xià xuě: “to snow” or more literally ”(there) falls snow.” The subject xuě
+                    “snow” normally follows the verb xià “to descend.” This reversal of subject and
+                    verb is the rule, not the exception, in weather expressions.<footnote><para>English 
+                    is no more logical when it comes to weather expressions: it 
+                    uses the meaningless “it,”as in “it snows.”</para></footnote><informaltable
+                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Òu, xià xuě le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Oh, it’s snowing.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Xià xuě ma? Bu xià.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Yǒu méiyou xià xue? Méiyou.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Xià xuě le méiyou? Méiyou.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Jīntiān xià xuě bu xià xuě?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Is it going to snow today?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Xiànzài bù xià xuě le.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>It's not snowing anymore.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>tiān: “heaven, sky, day.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
+                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Āiya, wǒde tiān na!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Oh my heavens!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Tiān zhǐdao!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>Heaven only knows!</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable></para>
+                <para>qíng: “to be clear, to clear up” In the sentence Tiān qíng le, the marker le
+                    tells us that a change has taken place. The meaning is not simply that the sky
+                    is clear, but that the sky is clear NOW, or rather, the sky has cleared
+                    up.</para>
+                <para/>
+            </section>
+        </section>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Appendixes</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>Parts of the body</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Medical Conditions and Illnesses</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Furniture and Household Items</title>
+        </section>
+        <section>
+            <title>Parts of the House</title>
+        </section>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Module Vocabulary List</title>
+    </section>
 </chapter>